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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Glossary of contract bridge terms</h1>
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				<p>The following terms are used in <b><a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">Contract bridge</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">Duplicate bridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auction_bridge" title="Auction bridge">Auction bridge</a>. Some of them are also used in <a href="/wiki/Whist" title="Whist">Whist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bid_whist" title="Bid whist">Bid whist</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Trick-taking_game" title="Trick-taking game">trick-taking games</a>.</p>
<p><i><b>Note</b>: Except for those indicated in bold, all links in this article are internal, i.e. lead to other list entries rather than external articles</i></p>
<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents">
<tr>
<td style="width:4.5em;"><b>Contents</b></td>
<td><a href="#top">Top</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="#0.E2.80.939">0–9</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a href="#A">A</a> <a href="#B">B</a> <a href="#C">C</a> <a href="#D">D</a> <a href="#E">E</a> <a href="#F">F</a> <a href="#G">G</a> <a href="#H">H</a> <a href="#I">I</a> <a href="#J">J</a> <a href="#K">K</a> <a href="#L">L</a> <a href="#M">M</a> <a href="#N">N</a> <a href="#O">O</a> <a href="#P">P</a> <a href="#Q">Q</a> <a href="#R">R</a> <a href="#S">S</a> <a href="#T">T</a> <a href="#U">U</a> <a href="#V">V</a> <a href="#W">W</a> <a href="#X">X</a> <a href="#Y">Y</a> <a href="#Z">Z</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: 0–9">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="0.E2.80.939">0–9</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="1430">1430 or 1430 RKCB</span></dt>
<dd>A mnemonic for a variant response structure to the <b><a href="/wiki/Blackwood_convention#Roman_Key_Card_Blackwood_.28RKCB.29" title="Blackwood convention">Roman Key-Card Blackwood</a></b> convention.</dd>
<dt><span id="3014">3014 or 3014 RKCB</span></dt>
<dd>A mnemonic for the original response structure to the <b><a href="/wiki/Blackwood_convention#Roman_Key_Card_Blackwood_.28RKCB.29" title="Blackwood convention">Roman Key-Card Blackwood</a></b> convention.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: A">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="A">A</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="abovetheline">Above the line</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, points recorded <i>above</i> a horizontal line on the scorepad. These are extra points, beyond those for tricks bid and made, awarded for holding honor cards in trumps, bonuses for scoring game or slam, for winning a rubber, for overtricks on the declaring side and for undertricks on the defending side, and for fulfilling doubled or redoubled contracts. See <a href="#belowtheline">Below the line</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ACBL">ACBL</span></dt>
<dd><b><a href="/wiki/American_Contract_Bridge_League" title="American Contract Bridge League">American Contract Bridge League</a></b></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Acol" title="Acol">Acol</a></b></dt>
<dd>An <a href="#approach-forcing">approach-forcing</a>, <a href="#natural">natural</a> bidding system popular in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="active">Active</span></dt>
<dd>1) An approach to defending a hand that emphasizes quickly setting up winners and taking tricks. Contrast with <a href="#passive">Passive</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) An approach to competitive bidding that emphasizes frequent interference with opponents' bidding sequences.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="adjustedscore">Adjusted score</span></dt>
<dd>In duplicate bridge, a score that penalizes a pair or team that has committed an <a href="#irregularity">irregularity</a>, and/or compensates a pair or team that has been damaged by an irregularity. The penalty and the compensation need not be commensurate.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="advcue">Advance cue bid</span></dt>
<dd>The <a href="#cuebid">cue bid</a> of a first round <a href="#control">control</a> that occurs before a partnership has agreed on a <a href="#denomination">strain</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Advance sacrifice</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#sacrifice">sacrifice</a> bid made before the opponents have had an opportunity to determine their optimum contract. For example: 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - (1♠) - Dbl - (<b>5</b>♠).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="advancer">Advancer</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#overcaller">Overcaller</a>'s partner, especially one who bids following the overcall.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="adversevulnerability">Adverse vulnerability</span></dt>
<dd>Vulnerable vs. non-vulnerable. Also called "unfavorable vulnerability."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="aggregatescoring">Aggregate scoring</span></dt>
<dd>Deciding the outcome of a contest by totaling the raw points gained or lost on each deal. Also called "total point scoring."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="agree">Agree</span></dt>
<dd>To decide, explicitly, conventionally or by implication, in which <a href="#denomination">strain</a> to play a hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="agreement">Agreement</span></dt>
<dd>An understanding between partners as to the meaning of a particular bid or defensive play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_coup" title="Alcatraz coup">Alcatraz coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>Declarer's intentional and unethical attempt to locate a finessable card by revoking. If the play is unintentional, it is nevertheless subject to <a href="#adjustedscore">score adjustment</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="alert">Alert</span></dt>
<dd>A method of informing the opponents that partner's <a href="#bid">bid</a> carries a meaning that they might not expect; alerts are regulated by sponsoring organizations such as the <b><a href="#ACBL">ACBL</a></b> and the <b><a href="#EBU">EBU</a></b>, and by individual clubs or organisers of events. Any method of alerting may be authorised including saying "Alert", displaying an Alert card from a bidding box or 'knocking' on the table.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="announcement">Announcement</span></dt>
<dd>An explanatory statement made by the partner of the player who has just made a <a href="#call">call</a> that is based on a partnership understanding. The purpose of an announcement is similar to that of an <a href="#alert">Alert</a>. It is made following calls whose meanings are not unusual, but which different partnerships treat differently. In the <b><a href="#ACBL">ACBL</a></b>, common announcements include "Transfer" for a direct transfer bid, the point range for an opening bid of one notrump, and "Forcing" or "Semi-forcing" for a 1NT response to a major suit opening bid. The sponsoring organization specifies which calls should be announced.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="antipositional">Antipositional</span></dt>
<dd>A call is antipositional if it tends to make the "wrong" partner the declarer. If West opens the bidding, it may be best for South to declare a North-South contract, so that West will have to play from his high cards on opening lead. This positioning may protect South's <a href="#tenace">tenaces</a>. In that case, a call that will make North declarer is antipositional. See <a href="#wrongside">wrongside</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="appeal">Appeal</span></dt>
<dd>In tournaments, to <i>appeal</i> is to request that a committee review a ruling made by a director.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="approach-forcing">Approach-forcing</span></dt>
<dd>A principle, first used in the <a href="#Culbertson">Culbertson system</a>, that has survived in modern bidding. The original idea was to abandon the indiscriminate notrump bids that characterized <a href="#auction">auction</a> bridge in favor of a slower exchange of information via suit bidding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="arrow">Arrow</span></dt>
<dd>A marker, usually a large card with an arrow on it, that shows which direction is treated as North at a table in a duplicate event.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="arrowswitch">Arrow switch</span></dt>
<dd>The action of changing the North direction during an event, typically for the last round of a <a href="#Mitchell">Mitchell movement</a>, so that the pairs who were North-South become East-West and vice versa. This allows a single winning pair to be determined.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="artificial">Artificial</span></dt>
<dd>1) A call that is not <a href="#natural">natural</a>, one that carries a coded message not necessarily related to the call's (or to the prior call's) denomination.</dd>
<dd>2) A <a href="#biddingsystem">bidding system</a> that contains many such calls.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="askingbid">Asking bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that, by prior agreement, requests information about a feature of partner's hand: for example, number of <a href="#control">controls</a>, suit length, or control of a particular suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="attackinglead">Attacking lead</span></dt>
<dd>A lead that instigates an <a href="#active">active</a> defense; often, the lead of an honor from a sequence, or a <a href="#forcingdefense">forcing defense</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="attitude">Attitude</span></dt>
<dd>A defender's desire, or lack thereof, for his side to continue playing a suit. By means of <a href="#signals">signals</a>, defender encourages or discourages the continuation of the suit.</dd>
</dl>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Autobridge.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Autobridge.jpg/220px-Autobridge.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Autobridge.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<span id="Autobridge"><span id="">Autobridge</span></span>, a device for learning bridge</div>
</div>
</div>
<dl>
<dt><span id="auction">Auction</span></dt>
<dd>1) See <a href="#bidding">bidding</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) <b><a href="/wiki/Auction_bridge" title="Auction bridge">Auction bridge</a></b>, an older form of bridge, replaced by <b><a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">Contract bridge</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="autobridge">Autobridge</span></dt>
<dd>A mechanical game device consisting of a set of printed deal sheets and a viewing template used to learn bridge by oneself. (see image).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)"><span id="automaticsqueeze">Automatic squeeze</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> position that succeeds against either opponent. Contrast with <a href="#positionalsqueeze.29">positional squeeze</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="average">Average</span></dt>
<dd>1) In <a href="#matchpoint">matchpoint</a> scoring, one-half the matchpoints available on a given deal.</dd>
<dd>2) An <i>average score</i> is sometimes awarded to both pairs when for some reason they cannot complete the board. If neither pair is at fault or both pairs are at fault, the director may decide to award average to each side. Law 12.C.2 of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Duplicate_Contract_Bridge" title="Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge">Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge</a> states that if one pair is at fault, it receives an <i>average-minus</i> (at most, 40% of the available matchpoints on the board). A pair not at all at fault receives <i>average-plus</i>: 60% of the available matchpoints on the board, or, if greater, the average of the matchpoints the pair earned on other boards played during the session. The assigned scores need not sum to the total available matchpoints.</dd>
<dd>3) Also see IMP pairs, where "average" refers to the <i>datum</i> used in scoring.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="avoidanceplay">Avoidance play</span></dt>
<dd>A play designed to keep a particular defender off lead, often to prevent the lead of a suit through a <a href="#tenace">tenace</a> position in either declarer's hand or dummy.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: B">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="B">B</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="backin">Back in</span></dt>
<dd>To make a partnership's first bid, having previously passed. For example, in 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - (P) - 1NT - (P); 2♣ - (Dbl), the doubler has backed into the bidding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Backward_finesse" title="Backward finesse" class="mw-redirect">Backward finesse</a></b></dt>
<dd>A combination of two <a href="#finesse">finesses</a> in a suit such that the first finesse is "backward" (that is, the reverse of the normal direction).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Balancing_(bridge)" title="Balancing (bridge)"><span id="balance">Balance</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>To keep the bidding open when it is about to be passed out at a low level. For example, if the bidding goes 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - (P) - P - (1NT), the 1NT bid is a balancing action. The balancing bid is often made with a hand of substandard strength, to prevent the opponents from buying the hand too cheaply.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="balancedhand"><a href="/wiki/Balanced_hand" title="Balanced hand">Balanced hand</a></span></dt>
<dd>A hand is said to be balanced if it has a <a href="#distribution">distribution</a> of 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2, or 5-3-3-2 (Also defined as "no voids, no singletons, and at most one doubleton"). Notrump bids, when <a href="#natural">natural</a>, generally denote balanced hands.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="BAM">BAM</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#board-a-match">Board-a-match</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bar">Bar</span></dt>
<dd>To prevent a player from making a <a href="#bid">bid</a>, either by a <a href="#penalty">penalty</a> caused by an <a href="#irregularity">irregularity</a>, or because partnership agreement requires a pass in a given situation. In either case, the player is said to be "barred."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="barometerscoring">Barometer scoring</span></dt>
<dd>In a duplicate event, the posting of contestants' running scores after each round. Knowledge of the current standings often adds excitement to the contest, and can affect the strategies adopted by those in a position to win the event.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Bath_coup" title="Bath coup">Bath coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#holdup">holdup</a> by declarer, to prevent an opponent from continuing a suit. In the classic position, declarer holds ♠AJ2 and West leads ♠K from ♠KQ1098. By playing the 2 on West's K, South makes it impossible for West to continue spades without giving South a free <a href="#finesse">finesse</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Beer_Card" title="Beer Card" class="mw-redirect">Beer Card</a></dt>
<dd>The <span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>7.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="belowtheline">Below the line</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, points awarded for tricks bid for and taken are recorded below a horizontal line on the scorepad. These are the points counted towards <a href="#game">game</a>. See <a href="#abovetheline">Above the line</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="BermudaBowl">Bermuda Bowl</span></dt>
<dd>The cup awarded to the winner of the international team championship, the most prestigious award in bridge. Also, the championship contest itself.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bid">Bid</span></dt>
<dd>A declaration of both <a href="#level">level</a> and <a href="#denomination">denomination</a>, such as <i>five notrump</i>. Any bid nominally suggests a final <a href="#contract">contract</a> but some bids are used conventionally. <a href="#convention">Conventions</a> carry coded messages and are not normally intended as final contracts.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bidoutofturn">Bid out of turn</span></dt>
<dd>A bid erroneously made when it was another player's turn to bid. Subject to <a href="#penalty">penalty</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="biddable">Biddable suit</span></dt>
<dd>A suit that is, systemically or by partnership agreement, long and strong enough to be bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bidding">Bidding</span></dt>
<dd>The first stage of a <a href="#deal">deal</a>, when players jointly determine the final <a href="#contract">contract</a>. Having examined their own cards, they make a series of <a href="#call">calls</a> in rotation, which is called the auction or the bidding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Bidding_box" title="Bidding box"><span id="bidbox">Bidding box</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A box, placed on the table, that contains cards with <a href="#call">calls</a> printed on them. By selecting and displaying a card, a player can make a call without speaking. Silent bidding removes one source of <a href="#unauth">unauthorized information</a> from the game.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="biddingspace">Bidding space</span></dt>
<dd>The number of steps available in an auction (see <a href="#USP">Useful space principle</a>), or the number of steps consumed by a bid. The sequence 1♣ - 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> consumes only one step, whereas 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - 2♣ consumes four steps. Because alternative bids are skipped, it often happens that the more steps a bid takes up, the more specific meaning it carries.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system"><span id="biddingsystem">Bidding system</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>The complete set of <a href="#agreement">agreements</a> and <a href="#convention">conventions</a> assigned to <a href="#call">calls</a> and sequences of calls, by a <a href="#partnership">partnership</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Blackwood_convention" title="Blackwood convention"><span id="Blackwood">Blackwood convention</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>Popular bidding convention in contract bridge, used to determine number of partner's aces/kings to evaluate for slam bids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="blank">Blank</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Adjective) Unprotected by other, usually lower cards in the same suit: "I held the blank king of spades."</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To discard in such a way as to leave a card unprotected: "She blanked the king of spades."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="blitz">Blitz</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) A win by the widest possible margin.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="blocked">Blocked</span></dt>
<dd>(Adjective) If a suit is divided between partners in such a way that the hand with the shorter holding has only high cards, the suit cannot be run without an <b><a href="/wiki/Entry_(cards)" title="Entry (cards)">entry</a></b> in another suit; it is then said to be <i>blocked</i>. If North holds <span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>AK and South holds <span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>QJ10, South cannot cash all three diamond tricks without an entry in another suit. The diamonds are <i>blocked</i> until North is able to <a href="#unblock">unblock</a> by playing the ace and king.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Board_(bridge)" title="Board (bridge)"><span id="board">Board</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>1) A device that keeps each player's cards separate for <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) The dummy's hand. For example, "You're on the board," means "The lead is in the dummy."</dd>
<dd>3) See <a href="#deal">deal</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="board-a-match">Board-a-match</span></dt>
<dd>A form of scoring for <a href="#team">team</a> events, similar to <a href="#matchpoint">matchpoint</a> scoring in pair games, in which every deal carries equal weight. For example, a team receives 1 point if its score is higher than the other team's on a board, 1/2 point for a tie, and 0 points if its score is lower. Now less common than <a href="#IMP">IMP</a> and <a href="#victory">victory point</a> scoring.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="body">Body</span></dt>
<dd>Intermediate cards such as the 9, 8 and 7, that contribute to a suit's trick-taking potential.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bonus">Bonus</span></dt>
<dd>In bridge <a href="#score">scoring</a>, beyond points for bid <a href="#trick">tricks</a> taken, which are awarded for making a <a href="#contract">contract</a>, the additional points awarded for making a doubled contract, or for making doubled or redoubled <a href="#overtrick">overtricks</a>. There are different bonus amounts at the <a href="#partscore">partscore</a>, <a href="#game">game</a>, <a href="#smallslam">small slam</a>, and <a href="#grandslam">grand slam</a> levels. The size of most bonuses depends on the <a href="#vulnerability">vulnerability</a>. Bonus amounts are different in <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a> and <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>. See <b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_scoring" title="Bridge scoring">Bridge scoring</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="book">Book</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) The basic six <a href="#trick">tricks</a> that must be taken by the <a href="#declarer">declaring</a> side. The first six "book" tricks are always assumed and are not taken into account in <a href="#bid">bidding</a> or <a href="#score">scoring</a>. Thus, a <a href="#contract">contract</a> at the 1-<a href="#level">level</a> commits <a href="#declarer">declarer</a> to take at least 7 (that is, 6 + 1) tricks, and provides trick points only for the trick above book. The term apparently originated from the <a href="#whist">whist</a> practice of arranging the first six tricks into a stack called a "book."</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) The number of tricks that the defensive side must take so as to hold declarer to his contract. If the contract is 4♠, defenders' book is 3.</dd>
<dd>3) (Verb, usually passive) Slang. As declarer, to have lost the maximum number of tricks without being set. At 4♠, declarer is "booked" when he has lost three tricks.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bottom">Bottom</span></dt>
<dd>At matchpoint scoring, the lowest possible score on a board. Also, <a href="#zero">zero</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bracket">Bracket</span></dt>
<dd>A group of entries in a tournament that will eventually have one winner. The grouping is often done on the basis of masterpoints.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="break">Break</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) The distribution of cards in a suit between two (often unseen) hands: "I got a 4-1 spade break." An <i>even break</i> occurs when the cards are distributed evenly or nearly so, such as 3-3 or 4-2. A <i>bad break</i>, connoting a distribution that is difficult to handle, suggests an unexpectedly uneven distribution, such as 5-1 or 6-0. See <a href="#distribution">distribution</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To be divided between two hands. "The spades broke 3-2."</dd>
<dd>3) (Verb) To lead a particular suit for the first time during a particular deal.</dd>
<dd>4) (Verb) Slang. To play for and find a particular distribution, usually the most favorable. "I broke the spades."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_maxims" title="Bridge maxims">Bridge maxims</a></b></dt>
<dd>A <span id="maxim">compilation</span> of short "laws", "rules" and rules-of-thumb advice; often, not always, valid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_World" title="The Bridge World"><i>Bridge World, The</i></a></b></dt>
<dd>A monthly magazine, the oldest continuously published periodical concerning contract bridge, and the game's most prestigious technical journal.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="broken">Broken sequence</span></dt>
<dd>A sequence of <a href="#honor">honor</a> cards, one or more of which is missing, for example AQJ.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Business double</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#penaltydouble">penalty double</a>. Contrast with various competitive and <a href="#informatory">informatory</a> doubles such as <a href="#takeoutdouble">takeout double</a> and <a href="#negativedouble">negative double</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bust">Bust</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) A very weak hand. Sometimes paired with the name of a long suit: for example, "club bust" to denote a hand with long clubs and very little high card strength. See also <a href="#Yarborough">Yarborough</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="busy">Busy</span></dt>
<dd>A card that is needed for some purpose is said to be <i>busy</i>. For example, cards that a defender is trying to preserve while declarer executes a <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> are "busy." Contrast with <a href="#idle">idle</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Butler</dt>
<dd>A method of overall scoring in <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a> where every result is subtracted from a <i>datum</i> (average or median) score and converted to IMPs using a table defined by the <a href="#WBF">WBF</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="bye">Bye</span></dt>
<dd>1) A round of an event during which a team or pair is not scheduled to play.</dd>
<dd>2) A location, such as a chair or stand, where boards are kept when not in use during an event.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: C">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="C">C</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Caddy</dt>
<dd>A non-playing person designated to move boards between tables during a tournament, collect score slips, etc.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Calcutta">Calcutta</span></dt>
<dd>1) See <a href="#ximp">Cross-IMP scoring</a></dd>
<dd>2) A tournament in which bettors bid on participating pairs or <a href="#team">teams</a>. The proceeds from the auction are distributed partly as prizes to the top finishers, partly to the bettors who successfully bid on them. A pair or team can typically buy an interest in itself.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="call">Call</span></dt>
<dd>Any <a href="#bid">bid</a>, <a href="#pass">pass</a>, <a href="#double">double</a>, or <a href="#redouble">redouble</a> in the <a href="#bid">bidding</a> stage.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="canape"><b><a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9_(bridge)" title="Canapé (bridge)">Canapé</a></b></span></dt>
<dd>An approach to bidding in which a player bids his shorter suit prior to his longer suit. A feature of the Blue Team Club and the Roman Club.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="captain">Captain</span></dt>
<dd>1) The partner who makes the decision for a partnership in certain bidding situations, such as ace-asking sequences.</dd>
<dd>2) The person representing and/or coaching the team; can be <i>playing</i> or <i>non-playing</i> captain (NPC), i.e. participating in the play or not.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="cardreading">Card reading</span></dt>
<dd>The act of determining the <a href="#distribution">distribution</a> of cards in unseen hands, and the location of high cards therein, by analyzing the bidding, play and other clues.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="carding">Carding</span></dt>
<dd>The defensive <a href="#signals">signaling</a> used by a partnership.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="carryover">Carryover</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#team">team</a> events, a portion of a score from an earlier session between two teams that is applied to a subsequent match between the same teams.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="cash">Cash</span></dt>
<dd>To take a trick with a card that is currently the highest in the suit, thought certain to succeed, or to take all available winners in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Cavendish">Cavendish variation</span></dt>
<dd>A version of <a href="#Chicago">Chicago</a>, with declarer's side <i>not</i> vulnerable on the second and third hands, as in the standard version.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>CBF</dt>
<dd>Canadian Bridge Federation.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="changeofsuit">Change of suit</span></dt>
<dd>A bid in a new suit, as 1♠ in the sequence 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - 1<span style="color: red">♥</span>; 1♠.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Chicago"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(bridge_card_game)" title="Chicago (bridge card game)">Chicago</a></span></dt>
<dd>A form of bridge in which a <a href="#rubber">rubber</a> is completed every four deals, and the <a href="#vulnerability">vulnerability</a> is different in each of those deals (dealer's side is vulnerable on the second and third deals). The scoring and sequence of dealer and vulnerability used in <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a> are derived from those used in Chicago bridge. Chicago is said to have been devised by commuters who played bridge on daily train journeys, where the time available for play was limited by the length of the trip.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Chicane">Chicane</span></dt>
<dd>A hand without any trumps.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="CHO">CHO</span></dt>
<dd>Centre Hand Opponent; a slang, uncomplimentary term for one's partner, or partners generally.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="chunky">Chunky</span></dt>
<dd>A suit with enough honor strength to play well unaided by partner's cards (but not solid) is <i>chunky</i>. Normally said of four-card suits. AQJ10 is a chunky suit; AQ96 is not chunky.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="claim">Claim</span></dt>
<dd>A statement by declarer about how the remaining unplayed tricks will be won or lost. Normally the claiming player exposes his hand and describes the sequence of play for the remaining tricks (but such plays as finesses, unless already proven, are disallowed). A claim is best made only when the play of the rest of the hand is obvious. Claims are often unadvisable: apart from the possibility of a mistaken analysis, it can take longer to explain the line of play than to play it. See also <a href="#concession">concession</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="clearasuit">Clear a suit</span></dt>
<dd>Knock out an opponent's high-card control of a suit, or unblock one's own high cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="closedhand">Closed hand</span></dt>
<dd>Declarer's hand (as distinct from the dummy, which is <a href="#face">faced</a> or open).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="closedroom">Closed room</span></dt>
<dd>In a <a href="#team">team</a> match, a room where two of the pairs compete, and in which spectators are not allowed.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Coffeehousing</dt>
<dd>Making improper remarks to mislead the opponents, or asking improper questions designed to suggest a defensive play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="cold">Cold</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#contract">contract</a> that a player cannot fail to make with best play on both sides is <i>cold</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="combination">Combination</span></dt>
<dd>1) See <a href="#suitcombination">suit combination</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) <a href="#finesse">finesse</a>: See <i><a href="#doublefinesse">double finesse</a></i> in <b><a href="/wiki/Finesse" title="Finesse">finesse</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="complay">Combination play</span></dt>
<dd>A line of play that offers more than one chance to take additional tricks: for example, playing to drop an honor in a longer suit and then finessing for an honor in a shorter suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="come-on">Come-on</span></dt>
<dd>A defensive signal that encourages partner to continue a suit, usually by means of the rank of the card used to follow suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Gardener_1NT" title="Gardener 1NT"><span id="comicno">Comic notrump</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A notrump overcall that shows a weak hand with a long suit, to which the <a href="#overcaller">overcaller</a> can escape if doubled. Also known as Gardener 1NT.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="communication">Communication</span></dt>
<dd>1) The placement of the <a href="#lead">lead</a> in one or the other of the two partnership <a href="#hand">hands</a>, so as to make a subsequent lead from the more advantageous hand.</dd>
<dd>2) The means of conveying a message to partner via the <a href="#bid">bidding</a> and by the card played to a trick. The only legal means of communication is through the calls and plays themselves, rather than through mannerisms such as tone of voice and hesitations. Often generalized as <i>communications</i> in both senses.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="comparativescoring">Comparative scoring</span></dt>
<dd>The method of scoring used in matchpoint or Board-a-Match events. The metric used is not the number of points earned on a particular deal, as it is when using <a href="#quantitivescoring">quantitative scoring</a>, but the number of pairs that have been out-scored.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="competitiveauction">Competitive auction</span></dt>
<dd>A bidding sequence which involves both partnerships. Also, <i>competitive bidding</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="concession">Concession</span></dt>
<dd>A statement by a player as to the number of remaining tricks that he must lose. (See <a href="#claim">claim</a>.)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Condone</dt>
<dd>To act after an opponent's <a href="#irregularity">irregularity</a> without arranging for the penalty specified in the Laws to be applied.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Congratulatory jack</dt>
<dd>The unnecessary play (by follow-suit or by discard) of a jack following partner's exceptionally successful action. More often used by the defense, but possible as a play from dummy.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="constructive">Constructive</span></dt>
<dd>1) Bidding that is aimed at reaching a side's optimum contract, as distinct from calls intended to interfere with the opponents' bidding.</dd>
<dd>2) Constructive raise: by partnership agreement, a single raise of a major suit opening that shows more strength than usual.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="contract">Contract</span></dt>
<dd>1) The statement of the <a href="#pair">pair</a> who has won the <a href="#bid">bidding</a>, that they will take at least the given number of <a href="#trick">tricks</a>. The contract consists of two components: the <a href="#level">level</a>, stating the number of tricks to be taken (in addition to the <i><a href="#book">book</a></i> tricks), and the <a href="#denomination">denomination</a>, denoting the trump suit (or its absence in a notrump bid). The last <a href="#bid">bid</a> in the bidding phase denotes the final contract.</dd>
<dd>2) Short for <b><a href="/wiki/Contract_Bridge" title="Contract Bridge" class="mw-redirect">Contract Bridge</a></b> as opposed to other forms of bridge, such as <b><a href="/wiki/Auction_bridge" title="Auction bridge">Auction bridge</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="control">Control</span></dt>
<dd>1) A feature of a <a href="#hand">hand</a> which prevents the opponents from taking immediate <a href="#trick">tricks</a> in a suit. Aces are termed "first-round" controls and kings are termed "second-round" controls. In <a href="#trump">trump</a> <a href="#contract">contracts</a>, <a href="#void">voids</a> are also considered first-round controls and <a href="#singleton">singletons</a> second-round controls.</dd>
<dd>2) (Said of trump contracts) Declarer's ability to manage the <a href="#trump">trump</a> suit successfully. To <i>lose control</i> usually means being forced to shorten one's trumps so much that the opponents can subsequently control the play of the hand.</dd>
<dd>An equivalent or similar term is <a href="#stopper">stoppers</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="control-bid">Control-bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that shows <a href="#control">control</a> of a particular suit. Often a <a href="#cuebid">cue bid</a>, but not all <a href="/wiki/Cue_bid" title="Cue bid">cue bids</a> are control-bids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_convention" title="Bridge convention"><span id="convention">Convention</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>An <a href="#agreement">agreement</a> between partners on the meaning of a <a href="#bid">bid</a> or sequence of bids, such that the meaning is not necessarily related to the length and strength of bid suits. Many bidding conventions are <a href="#artificial">artificial</a>; see, for example, <b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_conventions_(slam_seeking)" title="Bridge conventions (slam seeking)" class="mw-redirect">bridge conventions (slam seeking)</a></b>. Compare with <a href="#treatment">Treatment</a>. Also, an agreement that a particular defensive play has a special meaning.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="conventioncard">Convention card</span></dt>
<dd>A form filled out by a <a href="#partnership">partnership</a> that shows the bidding and play conventions being used. Normally used during tournaments.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="convert">Convert</span></dt>
<dd>To change the effect of a call. For example, passing partner's overcall of 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> when playing <b><a href="/wiki/Michaels_cuebid" title="Michaels cuebid">Michaels cue bids</a></b> converts the overcall from a request to bid a major suit to a contract of 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>. There are many other applications: for example, to pass partner's <b><a href="/wiki/Takeout_double" title="Takeout double">takeout double</a></b> is to <i>convert</i> it to a <a href="#penaltydouble">penalty double</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="correct">Correct</span></dt>
<dd>In the bidding, to choose (usually) partner's first bid suit; in that case, a correction is equivalent to a <a href="#preference">preference</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="count">Count</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) The number of cards held in a suit or suits, usually said of an opponent's hand.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To determine, by inference or by follow-suit, the number of cards held in a suit by an opponent.</dd>
<dd>3) (Noun) In <b><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">squeeze</a></b> play, the number of tricks that declarer must lose before the squeeze can function.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="countsignal">Count signal</span></dt>
<dd>A defensive card play that shows whether the player has an even or odd number of cards in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Coup_(bridge)" title="Coup (bridge)">Coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>1) Any extremely skillful play.</dd>
<dd>2) Any of several specific play techniques, such as the <b><a href="/wiki/Scissors_coup" title="Scissors coup">Scissors coup</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Trump_coup" title="Trump coup">Trump coup</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_coup" title="Devil's coup">Devil's coup</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><i><b><a href="/wiki/Coup_en_passant" title="Coup en passant">Coup en passant</a></b></i></dt>
<dd>The lead of a side suit through an opponent who holds a higher trump so as to score a lower trump in the third hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Coup without a name</dt>
<dd>See <b><a href="/wiki/Scissors_coup" title="Scissors coup">Scissors coup</a></b>. "Coup without a name" is an earlier term for the coup, conferred by <b><a href="/wiki/Ely_Culbertson" title="Ely Culbertson">Ely Culbertson</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="covercard">Cover card</span></dt>
<dd>A card (<a href="#honor">honor</a> or extra <a href="#trump">trump</a>) which is known to compensate one of partner's <a href="#loser">losers</a>; for example, a king in trumps covers partner's trump loser.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="crack">Crack</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) To make a <a href="#penaltydouble">penalty double</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_coup" title="Crocodile coup">Crocodile coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>On defense, second hand's play of a higher card than apparently necessary, so as to obtain the lead. The play is intended to prevent fourth hand from being forced into the lead to make a return favorable to declarer. The name suggests a crocodile opening its maw to swallow up partner's winning card.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="cross">Cross</span></dt>
<dd>To enter the opposite hand. Normally used of dummy or declarer's hand: "He crossed to dummy in diamonds."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Crossruff" title="Crossruff" class="mw-redirect">Crossruff</a></b></dt>
<dd>A playing technique in trump contracts, where extra tricks are gained by <a href="#ruff">ruffing</a> in both hands alternately.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ximp">Cross-IMP scoring</span></dt>
<dd>A form of <a href="#IMP">IMP scoring</a> in pairs tournaments, where each pair's score is determined as an (averaged) sum of differences to all other scores (rather than to a single <a href="#datum">datum</a> score). Also known as <i>X-Imps</i> or <i><a href="#Calcutta">Calcutta</a></i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Cuebid" title="Cuebid" class="mw-redirect"><span id="cuebid">Cuebid</span></a></b> (also, cue bid or cue-bid)</dt>
<dd>1) A bid of the opponents' <a href="#suit">suit</a> in a competitive auction. Usually a conventional, forcing bid that shows strength or an unusual <a href="#hand">hand</a>, or a particular distribution.</dd>
<dd>2) A bid that shows a <a href="#control">control</a> in a suit (usually with an Ace or King, sometimes with a void), but does not indicate length or strength in the suit otherwise. See <a href="#control">control bid</a>. Partnership <a href="#agreement">agreements</a> indicate when in an uncontested auction a bid is considered a cue bid. Usually used in exploring for a <a href="#slam">slam</a> contract (see <b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_conventions_(slam_seeking)" title="Bridge conventions (slam seeking)" class="mw-redirect">Bridge conventions (slam seeking)</a></b>), or for showing <a href="#stopper">stoppers</a> needed for a notrump <a href="#game">game</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Culbertson">Culbertson system</span></dt>
<dd>The earliest dominant <a href="#bid">bidding system</a>, developed by <b><a href="/wiki/Ely_Culbertson" title="Ely Culbertson">Ely</a></b> and Josephine Culbertson. Its principal features were an <a href="#approach-forcing">approach-forcing</a> bidding style, <a href="#4majors">four-card majors</a>, <a href="#strong2">strong two-bids</a> and the use of an <a href="#honor">honor</a> trick table to evaluate hand strength.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>The <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/curse_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="wikt:curse of Scotland">curse of Scotland</a></dt>
<dd>The <span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>9. The origin of the term is not known with certainty.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Cutthroat bridge</dt>
<dd>A form of three-handed bridge.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: D">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="D">D</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="dangerhand">Danger hand</span></dt>
<dd>(Usually in reference to the defenders.) An opponent who, if he obtains the lead, can damage declarer's prospects.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="datum">Datum</span></dt>
<dd>The mean or median of raw scores on a deal. The datum is used as a basis for calculating IMPs for the participating teams or pairs. The datum may be trimmed by removing extreme scores at either end of the distribution, a procedure whose effect on a mean or on a median depends on the degree of skewness in the raw scores.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="dead">Dead</span></dt>
<dd>(Usually in reference to the dummy.) A hand that has no card of entry.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="deal">Deal</span></dt>
<dd>One particular allocation of 52 cards to the four players including the <a href="#bid">bidding</a>, the <a href="#play">play</a> of the cards and the <a href="#score">scoring</a> based on those cards. Also called <a href="#board">board</a> or <a href="#hand">hand</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="dealer">Dealer</span></dt>
<dd>The player who deals the cards and <a href="#bid">bids</a> first. In <a href="/wiki/Rubber_bridge" title="Rubber bridge">rubber bridge</a>, the first dealer is usually decided by a cut for the highest card. In <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">duplicate bridge</a>, cards are dealt only at the outset of the session and the deal is preserved during the session by the use of <a href="#board">boards</a>. The dealer for each board is determined by a mark that indicates the dealer's position on the physical board.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="deck">Deck</span></dt>
<dd>The 52 <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">cards</a> used in <a href="#bridge">bridge</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="declaration">Declaration</span></dt>
<dd>The contract in which a hand is played.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Declarative-Interrogative</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#D-I">D-I</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="declarer">Declarer</span></dt>
<dd>Of the pair that makes the final bid in the <a href="#auction">auction</a>, the player who first bid that call's strain. The declarer plays the cards in his own hand as well as dummy's cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Finesse#Deep_finesse" title="Finesse">Deep finesse</a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#finesse">finesse</a> against two or more cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="defeat">Defeat</span></dt>
<dd>(Said of the contract). To prevent <a href="#declarer">declarer</a> from taking the number of tricks called for by his <a href="#contract">contract</a>. Also, <a href="#set">set</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="defenders">Defenders</span></dt>
<dd>The <a href="#pair">pair</a> that tries to defeat the <a href="#contract">contract</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="defense">Defense</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#declarer">Declarer</a>'s opponents or their line of play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Defensive bidding</dt>
<dd>A bid or sequence of bids designed to hinder the opponents' bidding, including <a href="#sacrifice">sacrifices</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="delayed">Delayed</span></dt>
<dd>Postponed, as the jump preference in the auction 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 1♠; 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - 3<span style="color: red">♥</span>. Many bids have a different meaning depending on whether or not they are made at the first opportunity.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="denomination">Denomination (also 'Strain')</span></dt>
<dd>Component of a <a href="#bid">bid</a> that denotes the proposed <a href="#trumpsuit">trump suit</a> or <a href="#notrump">notrump</a>. Thus, there are five denominations (see <a href="#rank">Rank (2)</a>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="DEPO">DEPO</span></dt>
<dd>Acronym for Double Even Pass Odd. Conventional method for bidding over interference with <a href="#Blackwood">Blackwood</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Deschapelles_coup" title="Deschapelles coup">Deschapelles coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>On defense, the lead of an unsupported honor so as to create an entry for partner.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="develop">Develop</span></dt>
<dd>To establish tricks in a suit, usually by forcing out the opponents' <a href="#stopper">stoppers</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_coup" title="Devil's coup">Devil's coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>In the endgame, the play of a side suit through a defender to create an overruff and a subsequent trump finesse.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="D-I">D-I</span></dt>
<dd>(Abbreviation of Declarative-Interrogative.) 4NT as a general slam try that asks partner to show features. D-I is incorporated in several bidding systems, including Neapolitan, Blue Team Club and Kaplan-Sheinwold. 4NT D-I is distinguished from <a href="#Blackwood">Blackwood</a> by means of the bidding context.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="direction">Direction</span></dt>
<dd>A player's position at the bridge table (North, East, South or West).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Direct position</dt>
<dd>Usually said of a bid that is made immediately following <a href="#RHO">RHO</a>'s bid. Contrast with <a href="#balance">balance</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="director">Director</span></dt>
<dd>Referee (in <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>). The director enforces the rules, assigns penalties for violations, and oversees the progress of the game. The director is also responsible for the final scoring. At a tournament there may be several directors, reporting to a Head Director. In <a href="#ACBL">ACBL</a>-sponsored events, a director's ruling as to bridge fact may be appealed; a ruling as to discipline, so as to maintain an orderly event, may not.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="discard">Discard</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Verb) To play a card that is neither of the suit led, nor trump, and that therefore cannot win the trick.</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) The card so played.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="discouragingcard">Discouraging card</span></dt>
<dd>A carding signal that discourages partner from leading a particular suit. Contrast with <a href="#come-on">come-on</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="discovery">Discovery play</span></dt>
<dd>A play, either by declarer or by the defense, intended to obtain information about the location of other cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><span id="distribution">Distribution</span></b></dt>
<dd>This denotes the suit length in a hand by means of four numbers separated by hyphens. For example, 4-3-3-3 tells the reader that the hand has one four-card suit and three three-card suits. Unfortunately, this approach has a built-in ambiguity: it doesn't tell the reader which suit has four cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dd>1) The number of cards in each <a href="#suit">suit</a> in a player's <a href="#hand">hand</a>, usually expressed as a series of 4 numbers. A distribution of 4=6=2=1 means 4 spades, 6 hearts, 2 diamonds, and 1 club. Also called a "Hand pattern".</dd>
<dd>2) The number of cards in one suit as distributed in four (or two) hands, expressed as series of four (or two) numbers.</dd>
<dd>3) The degree to which a player's hand consists of particularly long and short suits.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Distribution point</dt>
<dd>A measure of a hand's strength due to the length or shortness of suits. See <b><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">Hand evaluation</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>DONT</dt>
<dd>A conventional defense to notrump opening bids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>DOPE</dt>
<dd>Acronym for Double Odd Pass Even. Conventional method for bidding over interference with <a href="#Blackwood">Blackwood</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>DOPI</dt>
<dd>Abbreviation of Double 0 Pass 1. Conventional method for bidding over interference with <a href="#Blackwood">Blackwood</a>. Pronounced "dopey."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="double">Double</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#call">call</a> that increases <a href="#penalty">penalties</a> if the opponents fail to make their <a href="#contract">contract</a>, but that increases the <a href="#bonus">bonuses</a> if they make it. A player can double only a contract bid by the opposition. Often used <a href="#convention">conventionally</a> for purposes other than to increase the penalties.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="doubledummy">Double dummy</span></dt>
<dd>(Adjective or adverb.) Said of a play that is made as though all four hands were visible. Compare with <a href="#singledummy">single dummy</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="doublefinesse">Double finesse</span></dt>
<dd>A finesse for two missing cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="doubleintogame">Double into game</span></dt>
<dd>To double a <a href="#P">part score</a> such that, if the contract is fulfilled, the total of the doubled trick scores will exceed 100 points.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="doubleknockout">Double knockout</span></dt>
<dd>A team event that requires two losses for elimination.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="doublenegative">Double negative</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement regarding a second negative bid by a player who has already made one. Normally used regarding sequences that follow strong, forcing opening bids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="doubleraise">Double raise</span></dt>
<dd>A raise of two levels, such as 1♠ - 3♠.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Double_squeeze" title="Double squeeze">Double squeeze</a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> in which each opponent must guard a different suit, and both opponents must guard a third suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="doubleton">Doubleton</span></dt>
<dd>A holding of exactly two cards in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="down">Down</span></dt>
<dd>1) A contract that is defeated is said to be <i>down</i>.</dd>
<dd>2) (Followed by a number) The number of tricks by which a contract fails: for example, "Down two."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="downtheline">Down the line</span></dt>
<dd>To bid the higher of two adjacent suits before the lower. For example, of two five-card majors, the spade suit is normally bid before the heart suit. Contrast with <a href="#upontheline">Up the line</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="draw">Draw</span></dt>
<dd>To extract, usually trumps. To remove the opponents' trump cards is to "draw trumps."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="driveout">Drive out</span></dt>
<dd>To force a stopper from an opponent's hand, usually by repeatedly leading the suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="drop">Drop</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Verb) To fall under a higher card: "The ♠Q dropped under the ♠K."</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) That occurrence itself: "He played for the drop instead of finessing."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Duck_(bridge)" title="Duck (bridge)"><span id="duck">Duck</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#play">play</a> technique in which a player does not immediately play a card that might take a <a href="#trick">trick</a>, but plays a small card instead.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="dummy"></span>Dummy</dt>
<dd>1) The partner of the <a href="#declarer">declarer</a>, whose cards are placed face up on the table and played by the declarer. Dummy has few rights and may not participate in choices concerning the play of the hand.</dd>
<dd>2) The dummy's <a href="#hand">hand</a> as exposed on the table.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="dummyplay">Dummy play</span></dt>
<dd>The play of the hand by declarer. The apparent contradiction is due to the fact that declarer plays both declarer's cards <i>and</i> the dummy's.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Dummy_reversal" title="Dummy reversal" class="mw-redirect">Dummy reversal</a></b></dt>
<dd>A playing technique in <a href="#trump">trump</a> <a href="#contract">contracts</a> that gains extra tricks by ruffing in the hand that began with the longer trumps.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="dump">Dump</span></dt>
<dd>To lose a match deliberately, usually so as to assist another team or pair in the event. A subject of considerable controversy in the 1990s and beyond.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge"><span id="duplicate">Duplicate</span> bridge</a></b></dt>
<dd>A form of bridge where every <a href="#deal">deal</a> is played at several <a href="#table">tables</a>, by several pairs, and their <a href="#score">scores</a> on each deal are subsequently compared. At minimum, two tables (four <a href="#pairs">pairs</a>) are required for a duplicate bridge <a href="#match">match</a>. Each entry might be a pair, or a team consisting of two or more pairs; the type of scoring varies accordingly. The hands of each deal are kept in metal or plastic containers called <a href="#board">boards</a> that are passed between tables.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="dupvals">Duplication of values</span></dt>
<dd>The possession of values in a single suit, in both partners' hands. Usually said of high card values in one hand paired with a singleton or void in partner's hand. Such a holding is normally undesirable: ♠KJ9 facing a void is much less useful than ♠KJ9 facing ♠Q4.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: E">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="E">E</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Eastern">Eastern Scientific</span></dt>
<dd>A bidding style that developed in the Eastern United States, particularly the New York region. It is characterized by five-card majors with a forcing one notrump response and limit raises, strong notrump with Jacoby transfers, and strong (but not game forcing) two-over-one responses.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="EBL">EBL</span></dt>
<dd>European Bridge League, the official organising body of bridge in Europe.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/English_Bridge_Union" title="English Bridge Union"><span id="EBU">EBU</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>English Bridge Union, the official organising body of bridge in England.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="echo">Echo</span></dt>
<dd>The play of first the higher, then the lower of two cards of the same suit on separate tricks to encourage or, by prior agreement, to discourage (see <a href="#upside-down">upside-down signals</a>) partner's continuation of a suit; or to signal possession of (normally) an even number of cards in the suit at the time the higher card is played.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/EHAA" title="EHAA">EHAA</a></b></dt>
<dd>Acronym for Every Hand An Adventure, a bidding style that emphasizes very weak notrump opening bids (often 10-12 <a href="#HCP">HCP</a>), four-card majors, and undisciplined weak-two bids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Eight ever, nine never</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#maxim">Bridge maxim</a> that advises players when to <a href="#finesse">finesse</a> for a missing queen. With eight cards in the suit, always ("ever") finesse; but with nine cards, never finesse, rather play for the queen to <a href="#drop">drop</a> under the play of the ace and king. Experienced players often ignore this advice in favor of considerations such as the <a href="#dangerhand">danger hand</a>, <a href="#complay">combination play</a>, and the known or inferred distribution of other suits.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="elimination">Elimination</span></dt>
<dd>The removal, by playing a suit or suits, of safe <a href="#exitcard">exit cards</a> from defenders' hands, normally in preparation for an <b><a href="/wiki/Endplay" title="Endplay">endplay</a></b>. The classic (but not the only) example is to leave an endplayed defender with the choice of conceding a <b><a href="/wiki/Ruff_and_discard" title="Ruff and discard" class="mw-redirect">ruff and discard</a></b> or giving declarer a <a href="/wiki/Finesse#Free_finesse" title="Finesse">free finesse</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="elope">Elope</span></dt>
<dd>To win a trick by ruffing with a trump lower in rank than an opponent's trump. The <b><a href="/wiki/Coup_en_passant" title="Coup en passant">Coup en passant</a></b> is an example of an elopement.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="encrypted">Encrypted</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement that the meaning of bids or card signals may change as more information about a deal becomes available. For example, when declarer shows out of a suit, the defenders can tell whether the rank of West's lowest remaining card in the suit is even or odd (and declarer probably does not have that information). The defenders might have agreed that if West's lowest remaining card is even, normal attitude signals will be in effect, but if it is odd, <a href="#upside-down">upside-down signals</a> will be used. In such a case, the defenders' agreement is <i>encrypted</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ending">Ending</span></dt>
<dd>The layout of the cards when just a few tricks remain to be played. In a "four-card ending," each player has four cards left. Such positions can be of special interest because squeezes and other endplays tend to occur near the end of the play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Endplay" title="Endplay">Endplay</a></b></dt>
<dd>A play which forces a particular opponent to win a trick, so that that opponent must then make a favorable lead. That player is said to be "endplayed". Normally, the player who is endplayed is a defender. Although the word implies that the play occurs toward the end of a hand, it often occurs earlier, and in exceptional cases the opening leader can be said to be "endplayed at Trick One."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="enter">Enter</span></dt>
<dd>1) To win a trick in the opposite hand, thereby giving it the right to lead to the next trick.</dd>
<dd>2) To make the first <a href="#call">call</a> for a partnership after the opponents have bid.</dd>
<dd>3) To join a bridge competition.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Entry_(cards)" title="Entry (cards)">Entry</a></b></dt>
<dd>1) A card that allows a particular hand to win a trick that partner or an opponent has led to. Entries are vital to <a href="#communication">communication</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) A seating assignment in a bridge competition. Entries designate the participants' initial table number, direction at that table, and (if applicable) section.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Entry-shifting_squeeze" title="Entry-shifting squeeze"><span id="entry-shiftingsqueeze">Entry-shifting squeeze</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A squeeze in which the declarer decides whether to overtake the squeeze card or to let it hold the trick, depending on the play of the intervening opponent.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Entry_squeeze" title="Entry squeeze">Entry squeeze</a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> that puts pressure on a holding that interferes with declarer's entries.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="equallevelconversion">Equal level conversion</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement concerning rebids after <a href="#takeout">take-out doubles</a>. Traditionally, the bid of a new suit by the player who has made a take-out double is considered forcing. Under the equal level conversion agreement, the bid of a new suit by the doubler is not forcing if it is at the same level as <a href="#advancer">advancer</a>'s bid. So, equal level conversion means that in the sequence 1♠ - (Dbl) - P - (2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>); P - (2<span style="color: red">♥</span>), 2<span style="color: red">♥</span> is considered non-forcing.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="equals">Equals</span></dt>
<dd>Cards in one hand that are adjacent in rank and thus have equal trick-taking power.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="escapesuit">Escape suit</span></dt>
<dd>A long suit to which a bidder can escape if necessary or desirable. The bidder of a <a href="#comicno">comic notrump</a> might run to his long suit if doubled.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="establish">Establish</span></dt>
<dd>To make winners of the remaining cards in a suit by playing or forcing out higher cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="even">Even</span></dt>
<dd>1) A split with the same number of cards in each hand. A 2-2 split is an <i>even</i> split.</dd>
<dd>2) Of the number of cards in a suit found in a hand: two cards, four cards, and so on.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="event">Event</span></dt>
<dd>A <b><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">duplicate bridge</a></b> contest.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="exclusionbid">Exclusion bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid, such as 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> in the Roman Club system, that shows length in all suits <i>except</i> the one named.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="exclusion">Exclusion <a href="#Blackwood">Blackwood</a></span></dt>
<dd>An agreement that responder to a Blackwood bid will show the number of aces held <i>outside</i> a particular suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="exitcard">Exit card</span></dt>
<dd>A card that is used to put a different hand on lead, normally to avoid making a self-destructive lead in another suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="expert">Expert</span></dt>
<dd>A term used to describe someone who plays bridge better than the person using the term.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="exposedcard">Exposed card</span></dt>
<dd>A card whose suit and rank become known through an <a href="#irregularity">irregularity</a>. An exposed card may be subject to penalty.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="extravalues">Extra values</span></dt>
<dd>Values (in the form of <a href="#HCP">High card points</a>, shortage or <a href="#covercard">cover cards</a>), which are in addition to the values that a player has promised so far in the <a href="#bid">bidding</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: F">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="F">F</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="face">Face</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) The front of a card; the side that displays its suit and rank.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To turn a card so that its face is visible to other players.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="facecard">Face card</span></dt>
<dd>A king, queen, or jack. (Compare with <a href="#honor">honor</a>.)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="factoring">Factoring</span></dt>
<dd>The adjustment of matchpoint scores to correct for dissimilar conditions. For example, a game played with a <a href="#Mitchell">Mitchell</a> movement might have an extra N-S pair, causing a <a href="#bye">bye</a> round for N-S. The <a href="#top">top</a> is therefore lower for N-S pairs than for E-W pairs, and the N-S scores are multiplied by a fraction (or "factor") to make them commensurate with the E-W scores.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fall">Fall</span></dt>
<dd>To be captured by a higher card. See <a href="#drop">drop</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="falsepreference">False preference</span></dt>
<dd>A return to partner's first-bid suit despite a longer holding in the second suit. Usually intended to give partner an opportunity for another bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="falsesacrifice">False sacrifice</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#phantom">Phantom sacrifice</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="falsecard">Falsecard</span></dt>
<dd>A card played with the intention of deceiving an opponent as to one's true holding. Also, the act of making such a play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fastarrival">Fast arrival</span></dt>
<dd>A style of bidding under which the fewer bids used to reach a contract (usually said of <i>game</i> contracts), the weaker the bidder's hand. Fast arrival holds that 1♠ - 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>; 2♠ - 4♠ is weaker than 1♠ - 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>; 2♠ - 3♣; 3NT - 4♠. Compare with <a href="#slowarrival">slow arrival</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="feature">Feature</span></dt>
<dd>An honor or shortness in a suit. Conventional bids such as <a href="#splinter">splinter bids</a> or <a href="#D-I">D-I</a> are intended to show or elicit features.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Fert</dt>
<dd>(Slang) Short for "fertilizer," a very weak opening bid. A systemic <a href="#treatment">Treatment</a> in <a href="#strongpass">strong pass</a> systems.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="field">Field</span></dt>
<dd>All the players in a bridge event, as in "with the field" to describe an action that most players will take, and "against the field" to describe an unusual action.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Field a psych</dt>
<dd>Deciding correctly that partner has <a href="#psyche">psyched</a> in the absence of a call that reveals the psych. Sometimes used when that decision is made on the basis of <a href="#unauth">unauthorized information</a> or an undisclosed partnership understanding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="filler">Fillers</span></dt>
<dd>Mid-rank cards that strengthen a suit. See <a href="#body">body</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="finalcontract">Final contract</span></dt>
<dd>The last bid made on a hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Finesse" title="Finesse"><span id="finesse">Finesse</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A technique that attempts to gain a trick or tricks by taking advantage of a favorable lie of the opponents' cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fit">Fit</span></dt>
<dd>1) A long <a href="#suit">suit</a> (usually 8 cards or more) in two combined hands, that might be used as <a href="#trumpsuit">trumps</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) General term for two hands that are productive together (i.e., that have at least one fitting suit and few <a href="#dupvals">wasted values</a>). Compare with <a href="#misfit">Misfit</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fit-bid">Fit-bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid in a suit that shows length and strength in the bid suit plus a fit for partner's suit. Jump shifts in competition are often defined as fit-bids. Compare with <a href="#fragmentbid">Fragment bid</a> and <a href="#mixed">Mixed</a> (definition 2).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="5majors">Five-card majors</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement that an opening bid in spades or hearts promises at least five cards in the suit. The alternative agreement is <a href="#4majors">four-card majors</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fix">Fix</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) An undeservedly poor result, usually caused by an opponent's error or eccentric play that happens to turn out well.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To be the victim of a fix: "We were fixed on Board 8."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Flat</dt>
<dd>1) Flat hand: A hand that lacks distributional features such as a singleton, a void, or a very long suit. Often, 4-3-3-3 distribution.</dd>
<dd>2) Flat board: A deal in <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">duplicate bridge</a> that results in scores across the <a href="#field">field</a> that are identical, or nearly so.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="float">Float</span></dt>
<dd>1) To be followed by two or three passes. For example, West's spade bid "floated around" to South in 1♠ - (P) - P.</dd>
<dd>2) To fail to cover the card led, usually by two consecutive hands. "South floated the ♠Q to East."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="flowermovement">Flower movement</span></dt>
<dd>An adaptation of the <a href="#Howell">Howell movement</a> in which the players, rather than the boards, progress regularly from table to table. Also known as "Endless Howell."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="followsuit">Follow suit</span></dt>
<dd>To play a card of the same <a href="#suit">suit</a> as the one that was first <a href="#lead">led</a> to the trick. Failure to follow suit when one can do so constitutes a <a href="#revoke">revoke</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="forceto">Force to</span></dt>
<dd>To bid with the intention of causing the bidding to proceed to a particular level. For example: "In this auction, 2♣ forced to game," or "My <a href="#reverse">reverse</a> forced to the three-level."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Forcing_bid" title="Forcing bid"><span id="forcingbid">Forcing bid</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A bid that, by partnership understanding, requires the bidder's partner to make another bid. A forcing bid is not necessarily a strong bid. It is legal to pass partner's forcing bid, and players occasionally do so if they believe it advantageous on a given hand, but it is damaging to partnership confidence.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Forcing_defense" title="Forcing defense"><span id="forcingdefense">Forcing defense</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>The lead and subsequent continuation of a suit that the defenders believe declarer will have to ruff in the long trump hand. The strategy is to shorten declarer's trump holding so as to leave the defenders in control of the hand. See <a href="#tap">Tap</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Forcing_notrump" title="Forcing notrump"><span id="forcingnotrump">Forcing notrump</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>An agreement that a 1NT response to a 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> or 1♠ opening is a <a href="#forcingbid">forcing bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="forcingpass">Forcing pass</span></dt>
<dd>1) A pass in a competitive auction that requires partner to either make another bid or to double the opponents' current bid. Experienced partnerships often have agreements about differences in strength shown by bidding immediately, as distinct from making a forcing pass and then bidding over partner's double (<a href="#passandpull">pass and pull</a>).</dd>
<dd>2) An initial pass when playing a <a href="#strongpass">strong pass system</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fork">Fork</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#tenace">tenace</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fouledboard">Fouled board</span></dt>
<dd>A board whose cards are not distributed as they were when first played, due to returning the cards to their slots erroneously.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="4majors">Four-card majors</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement that an opening bid of 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> or 1♠ promises at least four cards in the suit bid. The usual alternative is <a href="#5majors">five-card majors</a>. The four-card major agreement was standard during the first four decades of <a href="#contractbridge">contract bridge</a>, but has since given way to five-card majors in "standard" systems such as <a href="/wiki/2/1_game_forcing" title="2/1 game forcing">2/1 game forcing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_American" title="Standard American">Standard American</a>. It is used in the <b><a href="/wiki/Blue_club" title="Blue club" class="mw-redirect">Blue Team Club</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/EHAA" title="EHAA">EHAA</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fourdealbridge">Four-deal bridge</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#Chicago">Chicago</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fourth">Fourth</span></dt>
<dd>1) A player needed to complete a table, usually said of <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) Of four-card suit length: for example, Q987 is referred to as "queen-fourth."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fourthhand">Fourth hand</span></dt>
<dd>The fourth player with an opportunity to bid, or to play to a trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_suit_forcing" title="Fourth suit forcing">Fourth suit forcing</a></b></dt>
<dd>1) The initial use of a bid of the fourth suit as forcing to some level.</dd>
<dd>2) An agreement that the partnership's bid of the fourth suit, in addition to its forcing nature, is possibly <a href="#artificial">artificial</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="fragmentbid">Fragment bid</span></dt>
<dd>A second-round jump bid (usually a double jump) that by agreement shows a fit with partner's last-bid suit and shortness in another suit. Under this agreement, in 1♣ - 1<span style="color: red">♥</span>; 3♠ the bid of 3♠ is a fragment bid, showing a fit for hearts and a singleton or void in diamonds. The suit of the fragment bid is often three cards long. Compare with <a href="#splinter">splinter bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="freak">Freak</span></dt>
<dd>(Also, "freak hand.") A hand with a very long suit or suits. Most would regard a hand with two six card suits as a freak.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="freebid">Free bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that is made when a pass would still allow partner to make a bid. Normally used of a bid that is made after partner has opened the bidding and <a href="#RHO">RHO</a> has overcalled. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Negative_free_bid" title="Negative free bid">Negative free bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="freefinesse">Free finesse</span></dt>
<dd>A position in which a player leads up to an opponent's <a href="#tenace">tenace</a>, solving that opponent's possible guess. The term is normally used when the player is forced to make that lead.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Frozen</dt>
<dd>A <i>frozen</i> suit is one that neither side can play without damage to its own holding in the suit. Declarer can sometimes <a href="#duck">duck</a> the defense's lead to freeze the suit. The following suit is frozen:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="wikitable" align="center" style="width:240px;">
<tr>
<td style="width:33%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"></td>
<td style="width:33%;">Q 8</td>
<td style="width:33%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>J 5</td>
<td style="background-color:#008000;"></td>
<td>K 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:33%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"></td>
<td style="width:33%;">A 10</td>
<td style="width:33%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: G">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="G">G</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Gambling_3NT" title="Gambling 3NT">Gambling 3NT</a></b></dt>
<dd>An opening bid of 3NT. The bidder hopes to make the contract by means of a long minor suit rather than by a preponderance of high cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="game">Game</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#contract">contract</a>, <a href="#bid">bid</a> and made, worth 100 points or more. The undoubled game contracts are 3NT (40 for the first trick + 30 each for the second and third); 4<span style="color: red">♥</span> and 4♠ in the <a href="#majors">majors</a> (4 tricks × 30 points per trick); 5♣ and 5<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> in the <a href="#minorsuit">minors</a> (5 tricks × 20 points per trick). Game can also be made via a <a href="#doubled">doubled</a> or <a href="#redouble">redoubled</a> contract: e.g., 2♠ doubled is worth 2 × (2 tricks × 30 points per trick) = 120 points. The pair bidding and making the game is awarded a <a href="#bonus">bonus</a>. See <b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_scoring" title="Bridge scoring">Bridge scoring</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="gameforce">Game force</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that asks partner not to pass before the partnership's bidding has reached game (or the opponents have been doubled at a level high enough to compensate). Some treatments relax the requirement: for example, the agreement that in the sequence 1M - 2m, the 2m response is a game force <i>unless the suit is rebid</i>. So, in 1♠ - 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>; 2<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>, 3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> would cancel the game-forcing message of the 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Game_try" title="Game try"><span id="gametry">Game try</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#bid">bid</a>, often in a side suit, which <a href="#invite">invites</a> the partner to bid a game if he has <a href="#extravalues">extra values</a> in the context of the prior bidding. A <a href="#help-suitgametry">help-suit game try</a> is made in the suit where one hopes that partner holds <a href="#covercard">cover cards</a>. A <a href="#short-suitgametry">short-suit game try</a> is made in the suit where one hopes that the partnership has no <a href="#dupvals">duplication of values</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="good">Good</span></dt>
<dd>Said of a card or cards that have been <a href="#establish">established</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Goren">Goren system</span></dt>
<dd>A system of bidding, dominant in the United States from the 1940s through the 1960s, based on the <a href="#Culbertson">Culbertson system</a>. The principal difference between the two systems was in hand evaluation: Culbertson used <a href="#honortricks">honor tricks</a> to assess a hand's strength whereas Goren used <a href="#HCP">High card points</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Goulash_(bridge)" title="Goulash (bridge)">Goulash</a></b></dt>
<dd>A style of dealing, usually in <a href="#rubber">rubber</a> and <a href="#Chicago">Chicago</a> games, where the cards are not thoroughly shuffled between deals and are dealt in groups. It results in "wild" card <a href="#distribution">distributions</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="grandcoup">Grand coup</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="/wiki/Coup_(bridge)" title="Coup (bridge)">trump coup</a> in which the cards ruffed in the long trump hand are already winners.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b>Grand slam</b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#contract">contract</a> to win all thirteen <a href="#trick">tricks</a>. Bidding and making a grand slam scores significant <a href="#bonus">bonus</a> points.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="gsf">Grand slam force</span> (GSF)</dt>
<dd>A method of determining whether the partnership holds the top trump honors when the bid of a grand slam is a possibility. In its original form, the GSF was initiated with a bid of 5NT, asking partner to bid a grand slam with two of the top three honors in the trump suit. Depending on the prior bidding, other bids are often used in place of 5NT, and there is a variety of schemes for responding to the GSF. See <a href="#Josephine">Josephine</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_gambit" title="Grosvenor gambit">Grosvenor gambit</a></dt>
<dd>A play that creates no direct advantage and might lose. Its principal features are that an opponent will not suspect that such an inept play has been made, and that once the opponent realizes what has occurred, he will be frustrated and angry (and therefore less effective) during subsequent hands. The ploy was first described in a satiric story by Frederick B. Turner in the June 1973 issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_World" title="The Bridge World">The Bridge World</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Guard</dt>
<dd>A holding that prevents an opponent from taking a trick or tricks. See <a href="#stopper">stopper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guard_squeeze" title="Guard squeeze">guard squeeze</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: H">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="H">H</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="hand">Hand</span></dt>
<dd>1) The cards held by one player.</dd>
<dd>2) The player holding the cards, as in "Third hand bid 1♠."</dd>
<dd>3) The entire <a href="#deal">deal</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Hand pattern</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#distribution">distribution</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Help-suit game try</dt>
<dd>A bid of a side suit after a single raise, hoping to reach game. For example, after 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 2<span style="color: red">♥</span>, opener might rebid 3♣ with a side club suit. The bid tells partner where high cards will be most helpful, and requests partner to take positive action with strength in that suit. Otherwise, the bid requests partner to sign off (in this example, by bidding 3<span style="color: red">♥</span>). See <a href="#S">short-suit game try</a> and <a href="#game">game try</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Hesitation</dt>
<dd>A brief pause before a bid or play, considered somewhat shorter than a <a href="#huddle">Huddle</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="high-lowsignal">High-low signal</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#echo">Echo</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="highcard">High card</span></dt>
<dd>1) An <b><a href="#honor">honor card</a></b>.</dd>
<dd>2) The highest ranking card in a suit at any point during the play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation"><span id="HCP">High card points</span></a></b> (HCP)</dt>
<dd>A method for evaluating a hand's strength, where every <a href="#honor">honor card</a> is assigned a numeric value. See <a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">Hand evaluation</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="hold">Hold</span></dt>
<dd>1) To keep declarer to a particular number of tricks, usually the number required to make the contract.</dd>
<dd>2) To have in one's hand a particular card or set of cards.</dd>
<dd>3) (Of a card) To win a trick although a higher card is outstanding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Holdup_(bridge)" title="Holdup (bridge)"><span id="holdup">Hold up</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>1) (Verb) To defer taking a winning card until an advantageous point in the hand, usually in reference to tricks that the opponents have led to. There are various purposes for holding up a winner, but it is frequently done to force the opponents to use their entries too soon.</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) The act of holding up a winner.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="holding">Holding</span></dt>
<dd>1) The cards in a player's hand at a particular point in the play (often, at the start of the play).</dd>
<dd>2) The cards in a specific suit in a player's hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="honor">Honor or honour (card)</span></dt>
<dd>An ace, king, queen, jack or ten.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="honorbonus">Honor or honour bonus</span></dt>
<dd>At <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a> and <a href="#Chicago">Chicago</a>, a scoring <a href="#bonus">bonus</a>. The bonus is 100 points for one hand holding four of the five trump suit honors. The bonus is 150 points for all five trump suit honors, or all four aces in a NT contract.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="honortricks">Honor or honour tricks</span> (also known as quick tricks)</dt>
<dd>A method of <b><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">hand evaluation</a></b> used in the <a href="#Culbertson">Culbertson system</a>, which assigns point values to <a href="#honor">honors</a> and combinations of honors. AK is two honor tricks, AQ is 1½ honor tricks, A or KQ is 1 honor trick, and Kx is ½ honor trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="hook">Hook</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) <b><a href="/wiki/Finesse" title="Finesse">Finesse</a></b> (noun or verb).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="houseplayer">House player</span></dt>
<dd>An employee of a bridge club who is available as a <a href="#fourth">fourth</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Howell">Howell movement</span></dt>
<dd>A pairs tournament <a href="#movement">movement</a> where each pair typically plays against all or most of the other pairs, and there is a single set of winners. Most of the pairs will move to a different position at the end of each round.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="huddle">Huddle</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) A pause prior to a bid or play of longer than usual duration.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To take that lengthy pause.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>HUM</dt>
<dd>Acronym for Highly Unusual Methods.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: I">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="I">I</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="idle">Idle</span></dt>
<dd>(Said of a card) Available as a discard; not required for purposes such as guarding the opponents' suit or interfering with their communications.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge#IMP_scoring" title="Duplicate bridge">IMP</a></b> (International Match Points)</dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) A method of scoring in a team match that compares a result on a board to that obtained at the other table and that converts the difference to IMPs using a table defined by <a href="#WBF">WBF</a>. The IMP scale's effect is to reduce the influence of very large differences, thus making it less likely that the outcome of an entire match will depend on one board only.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To perform the IMP score conversion.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="impropriety">Impropriety</span></dt>
<dd>A breach of ethical conduct or etiquette; an action that violates the <a href="#proprieties">Proprieties</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="IMP">IMP</span>s</dt>
<dd>The form of duplicate bridge that uses <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge#IMP_scoring" title="Duplicate bridge">IMPs</a> as a scoring method, as distinct from a game scored at <a href="#matchpoint">matchpoints</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="inbackof">In back of</span></dt>
<dd>A card or holding that is <i>to the left of</i>, or <i>behind</i>, or <i>over</i> another. To say that the ♠A is <i>in back of</i> the ♠K is to say that the ace is to the left of the king, or behind it, or over it; so, the ♠A is in a position to directly capture the ♠K.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="individual">Individual</span></dt>
<dd>A form of <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>, scored at matchpoints, in which each player is paired with a different partner on each round.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="informatorydouble">Informatory double</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#double">double</a> that is intended to convey information rather than to exact a penalty from the opponents. Such doubles include the <a href="#takeoutdouble">takeout double</a>, the <a href="#negativedouble">negative double</a>, the <a href="#supportdouble">support double</a>, the <a href="#responsivedouble">responsive double</a> and the <a href="#lead">lead-directing double</a>, although the latter is intended to convey information <i>and</i> to penalize.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="infrontof">In front of</span></dt>
<dd>A card or holding that is <i>to the right of</i> or <i>under</i> another. To say that the ♠A is <i>in front of</i> the ♠K is to say that the ace is to the right of the king, or under it, and normally cannot capture the ♠K if it is guarded.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="insufficientbid">Insufficient bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that is not higher than the immediately preceding bid, and therefore illegal.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="insult">Insult</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) The <a href="#bonus">bonus</a> for making a doubled or redoubled contract is sometimes referred to as the "insult" or as being "for the insult".</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="insurancebid">Insurance bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid, usually a <a href="#sacrifice">sacrifice</a> bid, intended to keep the opponents from playing their (presumably <b><a href="/wiki/Optimum_contract" title="Optimum contract" class="mw-redirect">optimum) contract</a></b>. The bidder hopes that insurance premium – the penalty due to the sacrifice bid – will be less than the damage from allowing the opponents to make their contract.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="interference">Interference</span></dt>
<dd>A call, such as an overcall or an initial <a href="/wiki/Preempt" title="Preempt">preempt</a>, that is intended to make it more difficult for the opponents to bid to their best contract.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="intermediate">Intermediate</span></dt>
<dd>1) Nines, eights and sevens are sometimes termed "intermediate cards." See <a href="#body">body</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) A jump overcall that by agreement may be made with a hand of opening bid strength and a long suit is termed an "intermediate jump overcall."</dd>
<dd>3) An opening two-bid that by agreement may be made with values just short of those required for a game-forcing opening bid is termed an "intermediate two-bid."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Inverted_minors" title="Inverted minors">Inverted minors</a></b></dt>
<dd>A treatment that uses the single raise of a minor suit as strong, and a double raise as preemptive.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="invite">Invitation</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#bid">bid</a> which invites the partner to bid on to game or slam if he has <a href="#extravalues">extra values</a>. It is a <a href="#non-forcingbid">non-forcing bid</a> by definition. Compare <a href="#semi-forcing">semi-forcing</a> bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>IPBM</dt>
<dd>International Popular Bridge Monthly. A British bridge magazine.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Iron Duke, Not through the</dt>
<dd>A hackneyed phrase that describes the play of a high card by a player whose high card holding is led through; or, that player's statement.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="irregularity">Irregularity</span></dt>
<dd>A breach of procedure, as described in the Laws and Proprieties, in bidding or play. If one is available, a <a href="#director">director</a> should be called to the table to make a ruling.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="isolate">Isolate</span></dt>
<dd>(Said of a menace card) To isolate a menace in <a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">squeeze play</a> is to arrange that only one opponent can guard one of declarer's threat suits. The play is conceptually similar to <a href="#controltransfer">transferring a control</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: J">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="J">J</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Jacoby transfers</dt>
<dd>Responses to opening bids of 1NT or 2NT that show the next higher suit and that request opener to bid that suit. Players who use Jacoby transfers usually agree that after an opening 1NT, 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> is a transfer to hearts, and 2<span style="color: red">♥</span> is a transfer to spades; similarly, 3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> and 3<span style="color: red">♥</span> over an opening 2NT. They retain 2♣ as <a href="#Stayman">Stayman</a> and reserve 2♠ for some other purpose. Opener simply completes the transfer with a typical NT opening bid. With an unusually good hand for partner's suit, opener either completes the transfer with a jump bid or bids some other suit, deferring the acceptance (often called a <i>super-acceptance</i>). These transfers were first described in a series of articles by Ollie Willner in <i>Bridge Tidningen</i> in the early 1950s, and were popularized for English speakers in an 1956 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_World" title="The Bridge World">Bridge World</a></i> article by Oswald Jacoby.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Jacoby2NT">Jacoby 2NT</span></dt>
<dd>By agreement, a forcing raise of a major suit opening bid, used in conjunction with <a href="#limitjumpraise">limit jump raises</a>. Opener is requested to rebid in a suit where he holds a singleton so that responder can better evaluate the fit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="jamthebidding">Jam the bidding</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) To <a href="#preempt">preempt</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="jettison">Jettison</span></dt>
<dd>The discard of an honor, often by a defender, and usually to unblock a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Josephine">Josephine</span></dt>
<dd>An alternative term, popular in Europe, for the <a href="#grandslam">grand slam force</a>. The convention was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ely_Culbertson" title="Ely Culbertson">Ely Culbertson</a>, and popularized in a late 1930s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_World" title="The Bridge World">Bridge World</a></i> article by Josephine Culbertson.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Journalist_leads" title="Journalist leads">Journalist leads</a></b></dt>
<dd><a href="#openinglead">Opening lead</a> convention, mainly against notrump contracts, designed to show both what the leader has, and to request specific partner actions in return.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="jump-bid">Jump bid</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#bid">bid</a> made at a <a href="#level">level</a> higher than the lowest level at which that suit could be legally bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="jumpovercall">Jump overcall</span></dt>
<dd>An <a href="#O">overcall</a> made at higher than the minimally legal level: for example, 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - (2♠). Originally treated as strong bids, it has become standard to treat jump overcalls as weak, preemptive bids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="jumppreference">Jump preference</span></dt>
<dd>A preference to partner's first-bid suit, made at a level higher than the minimally legal level. In the following sequence, 3<span style="color: red">♥</span> is a jump preference: 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 1♠; 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - 3<span style="color: red">♥</span>. For many years, the jump preference was treated as invitational except in support of opener's <i>minor</i>, when it was treated as forcing. As of 2001, however, most experts treat all <a href="http://www.bridgeworld.com/default.asp?d=bw_standard&amp;f=bwsall.html#IVI" class="external text" rel="nofollow">three-level jump preferences</a> as invitational following opener's one-level new suit rebid: e.g., 1♣ - 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>; 1♠ - 3♣</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="jumpraise">Jump raise</span></dt>
<dd>A raise of partner's suit one level higher than the minimum legal raise. For example, 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 3<span style="color: red">♥</span> or 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - 1<span style="color: red">♥</span>; 3<span style="color: red">♥</span></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="jumprebid">Jump rebid</span></dt>
<dd>A rebid of one's original suit, one level higher than necessary, usually showing a six-card suit: for example, 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - 1<span style="color: red">♥</span>; 3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>. The range of strength shown by a jump rebid is a matter of partnership agreement: some treat it as a one-round force, others (particularly if playing <a href="/wiki/Kaplan-Sheinwold" title="Kaplan-Sheinwold">Kaplan-Sheinwold</a>) play it as only a little weaker than a game-forcing opening bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Jump shift</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#jump-bid">jump bid</a> of a new suit.</dd>
<dd>1) As a <a href="#rebid">rebid</a> by <a href="#O">opener</a> (e.g. 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> – 1♠; 3♣) or <a href="#responder">responder</a> (e.g. 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> – 1♠; 1NT – 3♣), it indicates extra strength</dd>
<dd>2) As direct response (e.g. 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> – 2♠): usually, a very strong hand. However, another treatment (<a href="#W">weak jump-shifts</a>, requiring prior partnership <a href="#agreement">agreement</a>) uses the bid to show a weak hand and a long suit.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: K">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="K">K</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Kaplan-Sheinwold" title="Kaplan-Sheinwold">Kaplan-Sheinwold</a></b> (K-S)</dt>
<dd>A bidding system that uses <a href="#5majors">five card majors</a> and the weak notrump.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="keycard">Key-card</span> <a href="#Blackwood">Blackwood</a></dt>
<dd>An ace asking convention that counts the king of the agreed trump suit as an ace.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Kibitzer</dt>
<dd>A spectator.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Kickback</dt>
<dd>An ace asking convention initiated by the first step above four of the agreed trump suit. See <a href="/wiki/Useful_space_principle" title="Useful space principle">Useful space principle</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Kiss of death</dt>
<dd>At pairs, minus 200. A score of minus 200, down two undoubled and vulnerable, or down one doubled and vulnerable, is a likely <a href="#bottom">bottom</a> against a part score by the opponents.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament"><span id="knockout">Knockout</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A type of team-of-four tournament in which the winning teams from each round advance to the next. The losing team is removed from play (but see <a href="#R">repechage</a>). In a <b><a href="/wiki/Double-elimination_tournament" title="Double-elimination tournament">double knockout</a></b> a team is removed from play only after losing two matches.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Knockout_squeeze" title="Knockout squeeze">Knockout squeeze</a></b></dt>
<dd>A type of <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> that operates in part against the defender's trump holding, when the defender threatens to win a plain suit trick and then lead a trump, thus reducing declarer's ruffing tricks. It is usual to term this play a <i>knockout squeeze</i> when the squeezed defender is second to play to the trick, and to term it a <i>backwash squeeze</i> when the squeezed defender is fourth to play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Kock-Werner Redouble</dt>
<dd>A rescue mechansim employed when partner's bid is doubled for penalties. Invented by Rudolf Kock and Einar Werner from Sweden. See also SOS Redouble.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: L">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="L">L</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Last_Train" title="Last Train">Last Train</a></b></dt>
<dd>A conventional bid that is one step above the current bid and one step below game in a trump suit. It is a mild slam try and conveys no information about the suit bid. After 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 3<span style="color: red">♥</span>; 4♣, 4<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> is Last Train, invites slam, and does <i>not</i> necessarily show a diamond control.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Late play</dt>
<dd>A board that is played after the remainder of the event has finished, usually because of slow play or an irregularity.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Total_Tricks" title="Law of Total Tricks" class="mw-redirect">Law of Total Tricks</a></dt>
<dd>A property of bridge deals which states that the total number of cards held by each side in its best trump suit equals the total number of tricks available to both sides. This is interpreted to mean that a side can safely bid to a level that equals its combined trump length. See <a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">Hand evaluation</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Laws"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laws_of_Contract_Bridge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laws of Contract Bridge (page does not exist)">Laws of Contract Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Duplicate_Contract_Bridge" title="Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge">Laws of Duplicate Bridge</a></span></dt>
<dd>The definitions, procedures and remedies that define how <a href="/wiki/Rubber_bridge" title="Rubber bridge">rubber bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">duplicate bridge</a> are played. The Laws include the Proprieties, which discuss the game's customs and etiquette — often far more important than procedural matters. The Laws apply worldwide. Individual sponsoring organizations, such as the <a href="#ACBL">ACBL</a> and the <a href="#EBL">EBL</a>, establish their own regulations for play, which may amplify the Laws but may not conflict with them. An important difference between the rubber (contract) and duplicate bridge laws is that rubber players are expected to deal with any <a href="#irregularity">irregularities</a> themselves while duplicate players are expected to call the <a href="#director">director</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="laydown">Laydown</span></dt>
<dd>A contract that can be made on any rational line of play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="lead">Lead</span></dt>
<dd>1) The first card played to a <a href="#trick">trick</a>, which dictates the <a href="#suit">suit</a> that others must play if able to do so (see <a href="#followsuit">follow suit</a>).</dd>
<dd>2) The hand that is entitled to lead to the next trick is said to be "on lead" or to "have the lead."</dd>
<dd>3) See <a href="#openinglead">opening lead</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="leaddirectingdouble">Lead-directing double</span></dt>
<dd>A double by the partner of the prospective opening leader that requests the lead of a particular suit. Experienced partnerships usually agree on a set of suit priorities, such as opening leader's bid suit, doubler's bid suit, dummy's first bid suit, or a suit that dummy has just bid conventionally.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="leadoutofturn">Lead out of turn</span></dt>
<dd>Playing a card when it was another player's turn to lead. Subject to penalty.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="leadthroughstrength">Lead through strength</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="/wiki/Bridge_maxims" title="Bridge maxims">maxim</a> that advises a defender to lead a suit in which LHO has high card strength, forcing declarer to play high or low before third hand plays. The corollary is that a defender is advised to lead <i>up to weakness</i> in the fourth hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="leap">Leap</span></dt>
<dd>To make a <a href="#jump-bid">jump bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="leavein">Leave in</span></dt>
<dd>To pass, often used of passing when partner's double was followed by a pass.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Lebensohl">Lebensohl</span> (sic)</dt>
<dd>Responder's bid of 2NT as a <a href="#puppet">puppet</a> to 3♣ in preparation for a <a href="#signoff">sign-off</a>. Normally used after an overcall of partner's 1NT opening, or after a double of partner's <a href="#weaktwobid">weak two bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="leg">Leg</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) <a href="#game">game</a>. Normally used in reference to <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>. "A leg up" means being vulnerable vs. non-vulnerable opponents. "Cut off their leg" means becoming vulnerable vs. opponents who are already vulnerable.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="length">Length</span></dt>
<dd>The number of cards held in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="level">Level</span></dt>
<dd>1) The number of <a href="#trick">tricks</a> that (when added to the <a href="#book">book</a> of six tricks) a <a href="#bid">bid</a> or <a href="#contract">contract</a> states will be taken. For example, a bid at the four level contracts to take (6 + 4) = 10 tricks.</dd>
<dd>2) The property of a <a href="#contract">contract</a> that states whether it is at the <a href="#partscore">part-score</a>, <a href="#game">game</a> or <a href="#slam">slam</a> level.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="lever">Lever</span></dt>
<dd>Slang expression for double</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="LHO">LHO</span></dt>
<dd>Left-hand opponent</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="light">Light</span></dt>
<dd>(Adv.) To enter the auction with relatively low values (for example, to "open light" or "overcall light"). To do so can be either a matter of tactics or of general style.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Lightner_double" title="Lightner double">Lightner double</a></b></dt>
<dd>A penalty <a href="#double">double</a>, usually of a <a href="#slam">slam</a> contract, that requests partner to choose an unusual suit for the <a href="#openinglead">opening lead</a>. This criterion tends to regard as typical (and thus to exclude) a trump lead, the lead of defenders' bid suit, and the lead of an unbid suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="limit">Limit</span></dt>
<dd>In the bidding, to define a hand's strength with some degree of precision.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="limitjumpraise">Limit jump raise</span></dt>
<dd>An invitational jump raise of a major suit, such as 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 3<span style="color: red">♥</span>. Limit jump raises usually show at least three-card support for partner's major suit and around 10-11 <a href="#HCP">HCP</a> or the distributional equivalent.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="line">Line</span></dt>
<dd>1) (with "the"): A line on a bridge scorepad that separates points for tricks that count toward <a href="#game">game</a> (see <a href="#belowtheline">Below the line</a>) from those that do not (see <a href="#abovetheline">Above the line</a>).</dd>
<dd>2) On a given hand, the play strategy that is adopted by declarer or by the defenders.</dd>
<dd>3) Bidding: See <a href="#upontheline">Up the line</a> and <a href="#downtheline">Down the line</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="lock">Lock</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) A contract that is certain to succeed.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To force a particular hand onto lead such that it cannot relinquish the lead unscathed.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>LOL</dt>
<dd>(Pronounced El-Oh-El) Abbreviation of Little Old Lady. Facetious depiction of an apparently weak player.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="longcards">Long cards</span></dt>
<dd>Cards of the same suit, remaining in one hand, after all the other cards in that suit have been played from the other hands.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="longhand">Long hand</span></dt>
<dd>In a partnership, the hand with the longer trumps.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="longsuit">Long suit</span></dt>
<dd>1) In a hand, the suit with the greatest number of cards. Seldom used of a suit with fewer than five cards.</dd>
<dd>2) Any suit of unusual <a href="#length">length</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="loser">Loser</span></dt>
<dd>A card which apparently cannot take a trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="losers"><a href="/wiki/Loser_on_loser" title="Loser on loser">Loser on loser</a></span></dt>
<dd>A card play tactic that attempts to create an advantage by playing two <a href="#loser">losers</a>, often of different suits, on the same trick. Loser-on-loser play has many applications, including the creation of a <a href="#ruff">ruffing</a> position for declarer, the avoidance of <a href="#overruff">overruffs</a> by the defense, and interference with the opponents' <a href="#communication">communications</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Losing_trick_count" title="Losing trick count" class="mw-redirect">Losing trick count</a></b></dt>
<dd>A method of <b><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">hand evaluation</a></b> based on counting <a href="#loser">losers</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="love">Love</span></dt>
<dd>No score.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="low">Low</span></dt>
<dd>(Adjective) A card that is not expected to take a trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="low-highsignal">Low-high signal</span></dt>
<dd>On defense, to play a higher card, having already played a lower one, so as to convey information to partner. Compare with <a href="#echo">echo</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: M">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="M">M</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt>MacGuffin</dt>
<dd>A defensive card that, if retained, is a liability on one line of play, but that, if played, will be missed on another line of play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="majorpenaltycard">Major penalty card</span></dt>
<dd>A card that is exposed by a defender prematurely and through intentional play; or, an <a href="#honor">honor card</a> that is exposed prematurely even if accidentally. A major penalty card remains face up on the table to be played at the first legal opportunity, including as a discard. Compare with <a href="#minorpenaltycard">minor penalty card</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Major_suit" title="Major suit">Major suit</a></b></dt>
<dd>The heart suit and the spade suit are <span id="majorsuit">major suit</span>s. Declarer scores 30 points for each trick taken in an undoubled contract with a major suit as trump. Because <a href="#game">game</a> requires at least 100 points for tricks bid and made, both 4<span style="color: red">♥</span> and 4♠ (or 2<span style="color: red">♥</span> doubled and 2♠ doubled) constitute game contracts. Compare with <a href="#M">minor suits</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="majortenace">Major tenace</span></dt>
<dd>The highest and the third highest remaining cards in a suit, held in the same hand. For example, the ♠AQ before spades have been played. Tenaces define the structure of <a href="#finesse">finesses</a>. See <a href="#minortenace">minor tenace</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="make">Make</span></dt>
<dd>(Verb) To take as many tricks as a contract calls for.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Mama-papa</dt>
<dd>(Adjective) An unsophisticated game, approach to bidding, or line of play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="marked">Marked</span></dt>
<dd>To be known to hold a particular card: "He was <i>marked</i> with the <span style="color: red">♥</span>Q."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Finesse#Marked_finesse" title="Finesse">Marked finesse</a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#finesse">finesse</a> for a card that is marked with a particular opponent.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="master">Master</span></dt>
<dd>The highest card of a suit that is yet to be played.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="masterpoint">Masterpoints</span></dt>
<dd>Units awarded for successful performance in a bridge tournament.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="match">Match</span></dt>
<dd>A series of hands played by two teams in <a href="#knockout">knockout</a> events. One pair from each team sits North-South at one table and the other pair sits East-West at the other table.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge#Matchpoint_scoring" title="Duplicate bridge"><span id="matchpoint">Matchpoints</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A type of scoring in <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>. A pair's score on a given board is one matchpoint for every pair they outscored and one-half matchpoint for every pair they tied. (Outside the US these awards are often doubled, so as to avoid the award of fractional matchpoints.) See <a href="#comparativescoring">comparative scoring</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="matrix">Matrix</span></dt>
<dd>The layout of the cards that play pivotal roles in certain endplays, most typically squeezes.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_maxims" title="Bridge maxims">Maxims of bridge</a></b></dt>
<dd>A brief expression of a general principle - most have some validity but none are true in all circumstances.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="maximalovercalldouble">Maximal overcall double</span></dt>
<dd>By prior agreement, a game-invitational double of an overcall that leaves no room for a bid, when a bid would invite game. For example, after 1♠ - (2<span style="color: red">♥</span>) - 2♠ - (3<span style="color: red">♥</span>) there is no room below 3♠ for a game invitation (and a bid of 3♠ itself would be taken as merely competitive), so a double is used as a game <a href="#invite">invitation</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>McKenney</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#suitpref">Suit preference signal</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="menace">Menace</span></dt>
<dd>A card that requires an opponent to retain a higher card in the same suit, as a guard. The term is typically used of <a href="#squeeze">squeeze play</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Merrimac_coup" title="Merrimac coup">Merrimac coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>The lead of an unsupported high card to force an opponent to use an entry before it can be used effectively. Named for a ship sunk during the Spanish-American War, to block the entrance to a harbor. Sometimes confused with, and spelled as, the Merrimack, the American Civil War ship that fought the <i>Monitor</i>. See <a href="/wiki/Deschapelles_coup" title="Deschapelles coup">Deschapelles coup</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Michaels_cuebid" title="Michaels cuebid"><span id="michaels">Michaels cue bid</span></a></dt>
<dd>By prior agreement, an immediate <a href="#cuebid">cue bid</a> of an opening bid, such as 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - (2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>), for two-suited takeout. The cue bid of a minor suit shows length in both major suits. The cue bid of a major suit shows length in the other major suit and in an unspecified minor suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Minibridge" title="Minibridge"><span id="minibridge">MiniBridge</span></a></dt>
<dd>A simplified form of <a href="#contractbridge">contract bridge</a> designed to expose newcomers to declarer and defensive playing techniques without the burden of learning a detailed bridge <a href="#biddingsystem">bidding system</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="minorpenaltycard">Minor penalty card</span></dt>
<dd>A card below the rank of an <a href="#honor">honor card</a> that is exposed by a defender prematurely but accidentally, via mishap. A minor penalty card remains face up on the table until played. The minor penalty card must be played before any other card below honor rank in the same suit; however, an honor in the same suit may be played before the minor penalty card is played. Compare with <a href="#majorpenaltycard">major penalty card</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Minor_suit" title="Minor suit">Minor suit</a></b></dt>
<dd>The club suit and the diamond suit are <span id="minorsuit">minor suit</span>s. Declarer scores 20 points for each trick taken in an undoubled contract with a minor suit as trump. Because <a href="#game">game</a> requires at least 100 points for tricks bid and made, both 5♣ and 5<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> (or 3♣ doubled and 3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> doubled) constitute game contracts. Compare with <a href="#M">major suits</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="minortenace">Minor tenace</span></dt>
<dd>The second-highest and the fourth-highest (or lower) remaining cards in a suit, held in the same hand. For example, the ♠KJ before spades have been played. See <a href="#majortenace">major tenace</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="mirror">Mirror</span></dt>
<dd>Identical hand distributions: "North and South had mirror distributions."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="misbid">Misbid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that fails to describe the hand properly. Often a misdescription of a hand's <a href="#S">shape</a>, as distinct from an <a href="#O">overbid</a> or <a href="#U">underbid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="misfit">Misfit</span></dt>
<dd>Two partnership <a href="#hand">hands</a>, neither of which can support the other's long suit. For example, a red <a href="#twosuiter">Two-suiter</a> opposite a black <a href="#twosuiter">Two-suiter</a> constitutes a misfit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Mitchell">Mitchell movement</span></dt>
<dd>A pairs tournament <a href="#movement">movement</a> in which the pairs sitting in one direction (usually North-South) stay in the same seats throughout, but after each round the pairs sitting in the other direction (usually East-West) move to the next higher numbered table, and the boards are moved to the next lower numbered table. Unless an <a href="#arrowswitch">arrow switch</a> is performed, the effect is to create two events, a "North-South" contest and an "East-West" contest, with separate winners.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="mixed">Mixed</span></dt>
<dd>1) Describing a pairs event in which each pair consists of a male and a female player.</dd>
<dd>2) A mixed raise is, by agreement, a jump cue bid of opener's suit in support of partner's overcall. It tends to show four card support for partner's suit and the strength of a good single raise. In 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - (1<span style="color: red">♥</span>) - 1♠ - (3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>), 3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> is a <i>mixed</i> raise.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Morton%27s_fork_coup" title="Morton's fork coup">Morton's fork coup</a></b></dt>
<dd>A play that forces the defense to choose between taking a high card that will establish extra winners for declarer, and ducking the trick, after which the high card cannot be cashed.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="movement">Movement</span></dt>
<dd>In a tournament, the scheme for the progression of players and boards from table to table, arranged so that a pair does not play the same boards twice, or meet the same opponents twice etc. The most common movements for pairs tournaments are <a href="#Howell">Howell</a> and <a href="#Mitchell">Mitchell</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Moysian">Moysian fit</span></dt>
<dd>A 4-3 trump fit. Named after Alphonse "Sonny" Moyse Jr., long-time editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_World" title="The Bridge World">The Bridge World</a></i>, who wrote and published a variety of articles that promoted the virtues of such fits, and bidding styles designed to locate them.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="multi">Multi</span></dt>
<dd>An ambiguous opening bid of 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> that promises one of several different types of hand.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: N">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="N">N</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="natural">Natural</span></dt>
<dd>A call which indicates willingness to play the contract named: a suit bid suggesting length or strength in that suit, a no trump bid that suggests a balanced hand, a double that suggests the ability to defeat the contract, or a pass that suggests weakness. Compare with <a href="#artificial">Artificial</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>NBB</dt>
<dd>Nederlandse Bridge Bond (Dutch Bridge League).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Negative_double" title="Negative double"><span id="negativedouble">Negative double</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A conventional call used by responder in a <a href="#competitiveauction">competitive auction</a> to denote possession of at least one unbid suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Negative_free_bid" title="Negative free bid">Negative free bid</a></b></dt>
<dd>Responder's suit bid following an opening bid and an overcall. Nonforcing by prior agreement.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="negativeinference">Negative inference</span></dt>
<dd>An inference based on something that did not happen. For example, if a defender does not overruff, declarer might conclude that he <i>could not</i> overruff. Or if declarer does not ruff a loser in dummy, a defender might conclude that declarer does not have a loser in that suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="negativeresponse">Negative response</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that shows insufficient values for a stronger response. For example, a 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> response to a forcing 2♣ opening bid is often negative, as is a 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> response to a <a href="/wiki/Precision_club" title="Precision club" class="mw-redirect">Precision</a> 1♣.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="negativeslamdouble">Negative slam double</span></dt>
<dd>In a <a href="#competitiveauction">competitive auction</a>, the double of a voluntarily bid slam to show <i>no</i> defensive tricks, and therefore to suggest a sacrifice.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="neuberg"><a href="/wiki/Neuberg_formula" title="Neuberg formula">Neuberg formula</a></span></dt>
<dd>In duplicate pairs tournaments, a method of fairly adjusting match point scores when not all boards have been played the same number of times. It gives equal weight to each board by calculating the expected number of match points that would have been earned if the board had been played the full number of times.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="newminorforcing">New minor forcing</span></dt>
<dd>By agreement, after 1m - 1M; 1NT, a bid of two of the unbid minor as artificial and forcing, often requesting three card support for responder's bid major or four cards in the unbid major. Sometimes called <a href="#PLOB">PLOB</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="newsuit">New suit</span></dt>
<dd>A suit that has not yet been bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="nobid">No bid</span></dt>
<dd>An alternative to "pass". Used in the United Kingdom, where "pass" might be mis-heard as "hearts." Regarded as improper in the US.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="non-forcingbid">Non-forcing bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid which partner may pass. See also <a href="#forcingbid">forcing bid</a>, <a href="#invite">invitation</a>, <a href="#signoff">sign-off</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="non-vulnerable">Non-vulnerable</span></dt>
<dd>The state of <a href="#vulnerability">vulnerability</a> in which both <a href="#bonus">bonuses</a> and <a href="#penalty">penalties</a> are smaller. Therefore, less is at stake for a non-vulnerable pair investigating game or slam, or that is contesting the part score, than for a vulnerable pair. Also, "not vulnerable."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="nonevulnerable">None vulnerable</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, the state of the score in which neither pair has made a game. In <b><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">duplicate bridge</a></b>, the vulnerability condition under which neither pair is designated as vulnerable for the board in play. Also, "neither side vulnerable."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="North-South">North-South</span></dt>
<dd>One of the partnerships designated on <b><a href="/wiki/Board_(bridge)" title="Board (bridge)">duplicate boards</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="notrump">Notrump</span></dt>
<dd>A contract, or a bid that names a contract, to be played without a trump suit. In the bidding, notrump is the highest ranking <a href="#strain">strain</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="notrumpdistribution">Notrump distribution</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#balancedhand">Balanced</a> distribution.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="nuisancebid">Nuisance bid</span></dt>
<dd>An interference bid whose principal aim is not to preempt or to compete for the contract, but nevertheless to upset the smooth flow of the opponents' bidding sequence.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="number">Number</span></dt>
<dd>(With "go for") A very large penalty: "He went for a number." Often, "telephone number," alluding to the size of that number if regarded as a quantity.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: O">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="O">O</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="obligatory">Obligatory</span></dt>
<dd>1) Of a <a href="/wiki/Finesse" title="Finesse">finesse</a>: A <a href="#duck">duck</a>, made in the hope that a high card will fall. For example, declarer holds <span style="color: red">♥</span>K432 opposite dummy's <span style="color: red">♥</span>Q765. The <span style="color: red">♥</span>2 is led to the <span style="color: red">♥</span>Q, which wins. Declarer now leads dummy's <span style="color: red">♥</span>5 and RHO follows with the <span style="color: red">♥</span>J. Declarer ducks, hoping that LHO must now play the <span style="color: red">♥</span>A. The play is <i>obligatory</i> because given the first heart trick, no other play can yield three tricks.</dd>
<dd>2) Of a <a href="#falsecard">falsecard</a>: A falsecard that, like an obligatory finesse, cannot lose and might gain. An example is the play of the card that one is known to hold (for example, the play of a queen after it has been successfully finessed).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="odd">Odd</span></dt>
<dd>Specifying a level. To make 4<span style="color: red">♥</span> is to make four-odd.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="odd-even">Odd-even discards</span></dt>
<dd>A defensive carding scheme under which the play of an odd-numbered card is encouraging and that of an even-numbered card is discouraging. The rank of the card may be used to show <a href="#suitpref">suit preference</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="oddtricks">Odd tricks</span></dt>
<dd>The number of tricks above 6 (the <a href="#book">book</a>) that are taken by declarer.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="off">Off</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Slang) Down, or set. "We're off two" means "We have made two fewer tricks than our contract."</dd>
<dd>2) (Slang) <a href="#offside">offside</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="offshape">Off shape</span></dt>
<dd>Having a distribution that does not quite conform to that suggested by a bid, such as an opening bid of 1NT with 2=2=6=3 shape, or a weak-two bid with a seven card suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="offthetop">Off the top</span></dt>
<dd>Said of some number of tricks that can be lost or won without gaining or losing the lead. "There were eleven tricks off the top in spades," to mean that declarer could take eleven tricks without interruption; or, "We're down off the top," to mean that the defenders can take at least four immediate tricks against 4<span style="color: red">♥</span>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="offside">Offside</span></dt>
<dd>Unfavorably located, from the point of view of the player taking a finesse. If East holds the ♣K and North the ♣AQ, from South's point of view the ♣K is offside. Cf. <a href="#onside">onside</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Olympiad">Olympiad</span></dt>
<dd>A world bridge championship held every four years under the auspices of the <b><a href="/wiki/World_Bridge_Federation" title="World Bridge Federation">World Bridge Federation</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="on">On</span></dt>
<dd>1) Makeable. A contract that can be made is said to be <i>on</i>.</dd>
<dd>2) <a href="#onside">Onside</a>.</dd>
<dd>3) (Suffix) In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, preceded by a number that indicates progress toward game. If one has 40 points <a href="#belowtheline">Below the line</a>, one has 40-on.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="oneclubsystem">One club system</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">bidding system</a> that uses a bid of 1♣ as artificial and forcing, but not necessarily strong.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="oneoverone">One over one</span></dt>
<dd>A one-<a href="#level">level</a> response to partner's opening bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="oneroundforce">One round force</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that requests partner to ensure that the bidding continue for at least one more round. If partner's <a href="#RHO">RHO</a> bids, partner may pass, but is otherwise expected to bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="onesuiter">One-suiter</span></dt>
<dd>A hand with only one long suit, normally used to describe a hand with a six card or longer suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="onside">Onside</span></dt>
<dd>Favorably located, from the point of view of the player taking a finesse. If West holds the ♣K and North the ♣AQ, then from South's point of view the ♣K is onside. Cf. <a href="#offside">Offside</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="open">Open</span></dt>
<dd>1) To start the bidding.</dd>
<dd>2) Of an event: Not restricted to, for example, a particular sex or degree of expertise.</dd>
<dd>3) Of a room used at a team event: Allowing spectators.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="opener">Opener</span></dt>
<dd>The player who makes the <a href="#openingbid">opening bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="opener.27srebid">Opener's rebid</span></dt>
<dd>Opener's second bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="openingbid">Opening bid</span></dt>
<dd>The first <a href="#bid">bid</a> in the <a href="#auction">auction</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Opening_lead" title="Opening lead"><span id="openinglead">Opening lead</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>The first card <a href="#lead">led</a> by <a href="#defenders">defenders</a>. The <a href="#dummy">dummy</a> is not <a href="#face">faced</a> until after the opening lead, which makes the choice of opening lead more difficult than other leads. The opening lead can determine the outcome of the <a href="#deal">deal</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="openingleader">Opening leader</span></dt>
<dd>The <a href="#declarer">declarer</a>'s <a href="#LHO">LHO</a>, who always makes the <a href="#openinglead">opening lead</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="opponent">Opponent</span></dt>
<dd>A member of the other partnership or team.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Optimum_contract_and_par_contract" title="Optimum contract and par contract">Optimum contract</a></dt>
<dd>In unopposed bidding, the contract that cannot be improved upon by further bidding, nor could have been improved upon by taking a different line in earlier bidding. The contract is regarded as optimum because it offers the maximum score while minimizing the risk of failure.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ourhand">Our hand</span></dt>
<dd>(Informal) A hand on which "our" side can take more tricks than their side.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Out-of-the-blue cue bid</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#advcue">Advance cue bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="over">Over</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#inbackof">In back of</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="overbid">Overbid</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) A <a href="#bid">bid</a> that overstates a hand's strength.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To bid voluntarily to a <a href="#contract">contract</a> that the partnership cannot make.</dd>
<dd>3) (Verb) To bid too high, irrespective of the result.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="overboard">Overboard</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) Having overbid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Overcall" title="Overcall"><span id="overcall">Overcall</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>The first <a href="#bid">bid</a> made by one of <a href="#opener">opener</a>'s opponents.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="overcaller">Overcaller</span></dt>
<dd>The player making an overcall. Compare with <a href="#advancer">advancer</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="overruff">Overruff</span></dt>
<dd>To <a href="#ruff">ruff</a> with a higher trump following a prior ruff on the same trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="overtake">Overtake</span></dt>
<dd>To play a card higher than the winning card played by partner, unnecessary to win the trick but necessary to gain the lead.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ivertrucj">Overtrick</span></dt>
<dd>A trick taken by declarer beyond the number of tricks required by the <a href="#contract">contract</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: P">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="P">P</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pack">Pack</span></dt>
<dd>Deck of cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pair">Pair</span></dt>
<dd>Two players playing bridge together as partners. Partnership.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pairs">Pairs</span></dt>
<dd>A form of <a href="#duplicate">duplicate</a> bridge in which each pair competes separately, as distinct from <a href="#team">team</a> and <a href="#individual">individual</a> events. Pairs events are normally scored by <a href="#matchpoint">matchpoints</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Palooka</dt>
<dd>(Slang) A term used to describe someone who does not play bridge as well as the person using the term.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Panama</dt>
<dd>A defence to a Strong Club whereby two-level bids show the suit bid or the other 3 suits.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Optimum_contract_and_par_contract" title="Optimum contract and par contract"><span id="par">Par</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>The product of the best bidding <i>and</i> play (of a given deal) by both sides.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="parcontest">Par contest</span></dt>
<dd>A competition that uses composed deals, designed to test each pair's bidding and its card play. After the bidding, pairs are instructed to play (or defend) a specified contract. Results are compared not with other tables but with the predetermined par result.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Optimum_contract_and_par_contract" title="Optimum contract and par contract">Par contract</a></b></dt>
<dd>That contract which results from optimal bidding by <i>both</i> sides, and which neither side could improve by further bidding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Pard</dt>
<dd>(Slang) Partner.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partscore">Part-score</span></dt>
<dd>1) A trick score less than 100, obtained by making a contract.</dd>
<dd>2) The contract that results in that trick score.</dd>
<dd>3) In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, a total of fewer than 100 points <a href="#belowtheline">below the line</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partial">Partial</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#partscore">part-score</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partialelimination">Partial elimination</span></dt>
<dd>An <a href="#endplay">endplay</a> in which declarer is unable to remove all possible safe defensive exit cards, and must hope that the remaining cards are so distributed that the defense cannot get off lead safely.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partner">Partner</span></dt>
<dd>The other member of the <a href="#partnership">partnership</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partnership">Partnership</span></dt>
<dd>1) See <a href="#pair">pair</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) Two partners who play together for an extended period.</dd>
<dd>3) The complete set of agreements entered into by a <a href="#pair">pair</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partnershipbidding">Partnership bidding</span></dt>
<dd>Sequences in which the opponents do not compete.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partnershipdesk">Partnership desk</span></dt>
<dd>A service, provided by some tournaments, that locates a partner for a player who does not yet have one.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="partnershipunderstanding">Partnership understanding</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement between <a href="#partner">partners</a>, reached prior to the beginning of play, concerning the meaning of a <a href="#call">call</a> or of <a href="#carding">carding</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pass">Pass</span></dt>
<dd>1) A <a href="#call">call</a> indicating that the player does not wish to change the contract named by the preceding bid, double or redouble. To pass transfers the right to make the next call to passer's <a href="#LHO">LHO</a>, unless it is the third consecutive pass, which ends the bidding (but see <a href="#passedout">Passed out</a>).</dd>
<dd>2) To play, from third hand, a lower card than the one led to the trick. If declarer leads the <span style="color: red">♥</span>J, LHO plays a small heart, and declarer plays the <span style="color: red">♥</span>2 from dummy's <span style="color: red">♥</span>AQ2, declarer has <i>passed</i> the <span style="color: red">♥</span>J.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="passandpull">Pass and pull</span></dt>
<dd>To make a <a href="#forcingpass">forcing pass</a> and on the next round remove partner's double by bidding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="passedhand">Passed hand</span></dt>
<dd>A player who passed instead of opening the bidding. The inference is that a passed hand does not hold the values required to <a href="#O">open</a> the bidding (unless playing a strong pass <a href="#bid">bidding system</a>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="passedout">Passed out</span></dt>
<dd>A hand is passed out if the bidding begins with four consecutive passes. After a hand has been passed out, the players immediately proceed to the next hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="passive">Passive defense</span></dt>
<dd>An approach to defending a hand that emphasizes waiting for tricks that declarer must eventually lose, getting off lead safely, and avoiding plays that will set up tricks for declarer. Often indicated when neither declarer nor dummy has a running side suit or when the declaring side may have over-reached in the bidding. Contrast with <a href="#active">Active</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pass-or-correct">Pass-or-correct</span></dt>
<dd>A bid made in response to partner's ambiguous call. For example, South opens with 1♠ and West bids 2♠, by prior agreement showing hearts and a minor. North passes and East bids 3♣, expecting West to pass if he holds clubs and to correct to diamonds otherwise.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="passout">Pass out</span></dt>
<dd>1) To make the third of three consecutive passes following a bid, double or redouble.</dd>
<dd>2) To make the fourth of four consecutive passes. Thus, a bid cannot have been made and the table progresses to the next <a href="#deal">deal</a>.</dd>
<dd>3) (Adjective) The seat where a pass would end the auction.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pattern">Pattern</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#distribution">distribution</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Pearson">Pearson points</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#HCP">High card points</a> plus number of spades held. See <b><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">Hand evaluation</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="penalty">Penalty</span></dt>
<dd>1) A <a href="#score">score</a> awarded to the defense when declarer's contract goes <a href="#down">down</a>. The size of the penalty depends on the number of tricks that declarer was set, the <a href="#vulnerability">vulnerability</a>, and whether the contract was doubled, or redoubled. See <a href="#score">Score</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) A remedy assigned by a <a href="#director">director</a> to redress damage done by an infraction. The penalty for a minor, procedural infraction might be some number of <a href="#trick">tricks</a>, <a href="#matchpoint">matchpoints</a> or <a href="#IMP">IMPs</a>, or disallowing a particular bid or play. A more serious violation of the game's <a href="#proprieties">Proprieties</a> may be imposed by barring the offender from an event, a portion of an event, or from organized bridge.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="penaltycard">Penalty card</span></dt>
<dd>A card, incorrectly exposed by the defense, whose subsequent proper play is governed by certain rules. See <a href="#majorpenaltycard">major penalty card</a> and <a href="#minorpenaltycard">minor penalty card</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="penaltydouble">Penalty double</span></dt>
<dd>A call that <a href="#double">doubles</a> penalties if opponents fail to make their currently bid contract. Rewards are also doubled, should they succeed.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="penaltypass">Penalty pass</span></dt>
<dd>The pass of an <a href="#informatorydouble">informatory double</a>, to <a href="#convert">convert</a> it to a penalty <a href="#double">double</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="percentageplay">Percentage play</span></dt>
<dd>A play that is chosen because the mathematics of suit <a href="#distribution">distribution</a> suggests that it is more likely to succeed than an alternative line. Usually said of play in a single suit rather than the hand as a whole.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Peter</dt>
<dd>(Slang; chiefly British) See <a href="#echo">Echo</a>. The term is said to derive from Blue Peter, a nautical signal.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="phantompair">Phantom pair</span></dt>
<dd>In a pairs movement, if there is an odd number of pairs, then in each round one pair will have to sit out. The missing pair that they would have played is known as the phantom pair.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="phantom">Phantom sacrifice</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#sacrifice">sacrifice</a> bid against a contract that the opponents would not have made. Also, <i>False sacrifice</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Pianola</dt>
<dd>(Slang) A hand that is so easy it plays itself. "Pianola" is a trademarked brand of <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player piano</a> (a piano that plays automatically).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pickup">Pick up</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Verb) To <a href="#run">run</a> a suit without losing a trick in it.</dd>
<dd>2) (Adjective) Said of a partner who completes a pair, or of a pair that completes a team, just prior to the start of an event.</dd>
<dd>3) (Adjective) A <i>pick-up</i> slip is one on which the result of a deal is recorded for the purpose of <a href="#comparativescoring">comparative scoring</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Pin_(bridge)" title="Pin (bridge)"><span id="pin">Pin</span></a></dt>
<dd>The lead of a high card from one hand to capture a singleton of lower rank in an opponent's hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pip">Pip</span></dt>
<dd>1) A <a href="#spot">spot</a> card.</dd>
<dd>2) A suit symbol (♠, <span style="color: red">♥</span>, <span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>, ♣) on a card.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pitch">Pitch</span></dt>
<dd>To <a href="#discard">discard</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pivot">Pivot</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Adjective) Of the suit that both defenders must guard in a <a href="/wiki/Double_squeeze" title="Double squeeze">double squeeze</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) In party bridge, to change partners while remaining at the same table.</dd>
<dd>3a) (Verb) In duplicate bridge, to play one round in a given direction, and the next round in the opposite direction at the same table</dd>
<dd>3b) (Noun) In duplicate bridge, a <i>pivot table</i> is a table where each pair will perform a pivot. This can only happen in a <a href="#Howell">Howell movement</a>, or another similar <a href="#movement">movement</a>, where players move between East-West and North-South during the course of the game.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><i><span id="plafond">Plafond</span></i></dt>
<dd>A French, whist-like card game whose scoring foreshadowed that used in contract bridge.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="plainsuit">Plain suit</span></dt>
<dd>A suit that is not trump; a <a href="#sidesuit">side suit</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="play">Play</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) The stage of a <a href="#deal">deal</a> when players attempt to take tricks. The <a href="#declarer">declarer</a> tries to take at least as many <a href="#trick">tricks</a> as the <a href="#contract">contract</a> calls for, and the <a href="#defenders">defenders</a> try to prevent that outcome.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To contribute a card to a trick, either by displaying its face (as in duplicate bridge) or by placing it face up on the table (as in <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="playfor"></span>Play for</dt>
<dd>To assume that the opponents have a particular distribution or holding, and to plan and conduct the play on that basis.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="playable">Playable</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Of a contract) A rational, if not necessarily optimal, choice of strain and level.</dd>
<dd>2) (Of an agreement) Leading to an acceptable result, if not in the best fashion.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="playingtricks">Playing tricks</span></dt>
<dd>Cards, such as <a href="#longcards">long cards</a>, that will take tricks (usually, for declarer), and that therefore contribute to a hand's strength.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="PLOB">PLOB</span></dt>
<dd>Acronym for Petty Little Odious Bid; another name for <a href="#newminorforcing">New Minor Forcing</a>. The name derives from a diatribe by Alphonse Moyse Jr., in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_World" title="The Bridge World">The Bridge World</a>'</i>s Master Solver's Club, which described the convention as an "odious, meaningless, <i>petty</i> little bid."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pocket">Pocket</span></dt>
<dd>One of four slots in a <a href="/wiki/Board_(bridge)" title="Board (bridge)">duplicate board</a> that hold the cards between plays.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="PODI">PODI</span></dt>
<dd>Acronym for Pass=0 Double=1. Method for countering interference over Blackwood</dd>
</dl>
<p><br /></p>
<dl>
<dt><span id="point">Point</span></dt>
<dd>1) A scoring unit: e.g., a trick taken by <a href="#declarer">declarer</a> in a minor suit contract scores 20 points.</dd>
<dd>2) A metric used in <b><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">hand evaluation</a></b>, to quantify its strength in high cards and distribution.</dd>
<dd>3) A metric, such as <a href="#masterpoint">masterpoints</a>, used in rating players.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="point-a-board">Point-a-board</span></dt>
<dd>Another name for <a href="#board-a-match">board-a-match</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pointcount">Point count</span></dt>
<dd>A method of <a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">hand evaluation</a> which assigns a numeric value to a hand's high cards and distributional features, used as a guideline in <a href="#bid">bidding</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pointed">Pointed suit</span></dt>
<dd>Spades or diamonds. The term refers to the shape of the suit symbols. Compare to <a href="#rounded">rounded suit</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="PortlandClub">Portland Club</span></dt>
<dd>A bridge club in London which published the first version of the <a href="#Laws">Laws of contract bridge</a>. The club remains part of the ongoing process of revising the laws, along with the <a href="#ACBL">ACBL</a> and the <a href="#EBL">EBL</a>, because of the vesting of the copyright.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="position">Position</span></dt>
<dd>(Noun) Seat at the table: North, South, East, West; or first, second, third, fourth.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="positionalsqueeze">Positional squeeze</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> that can succeed against only a particular opponent, because at least one <a href="#G">guard</a> must lie under at least one <a href="#menace">menace</a>. Compare with <a href="#automaticsqueeze">automatic squeeze</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="positiveresponse">Positive response</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that announces the possession of at least minimum values. Often said of a response to a forcing opening bid. Compare with <a href="#negativeresponse">negative response</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="postmortem">Post mortem</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) A discussion of a hand, and the nature of the result, after the play has concluded.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="powerhouse">Powerhouse</span></dt>
<dd>An unusually strong hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="precision">Precision</span></dt>
<dd>A <b><a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">bidding system</a></b> that combines the features of <span id=""><a href="/wiki/Kaplan-Sheinwold" title="Kaplan-Sheinwold">Kaplan-Sheinwold</a></span> with a strong, artificial 1♣ opening bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Preempt" title="Preempt"><span id="preempt">Preempt <i>or</i> Preemptive Bid (or Raise)</span></a></dt>
<dd>1) A bid (or raise) predicated on length of a suit rather than overall strength, primary function of which is to interfere with the opponents' bidding by taking away <a href="#biddingspace">bidding space</a> they need to exchange information.</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) A bid that has a preemptive effect, regardless of its intent.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="preference">Preference</span></dt>
<dd>A call that returns the bidding to partner's first-bid suit; for example, in 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 1♠; 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> - 2<span style="color: red">♥</span>, 2<span style="color: red">♥</span> is a preference. A simple, non-jump preference shows neither strength nor support for the suit; it is simply a return to partner's presumably longer suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="preparedbid">Prepared bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid, often a slight violation of a partnership agreement, that is chosen to avoid a later bidding problem. Playing five-card majors, for example, the decision to open a strong four-card spade suit in preference to a weak five-card heart suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="presentcount">Present count</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#carding">carding</a> agreement under which a count signal shows the number of cards currently held. In a count-giving situation, a defender might first play the <span style="color: red">♥</span>3 from <span style="color: red">♥</span>753, and the <span style="color: red">♥</span>7 as his second play. Also, "current count."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id=""><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_restricted_choice_(bridge)" title="Principle of restricted choice (bridge)">Principle of restricted choice</a></span></dt>
<dd>A guideline to the play of the hand, concerning the probability of the location of key cards in the unseen hands.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="progression">Progression</span></dt>
<dd>The movement of players and deals between <a href="#R">rounds</a> in an event.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">Progressive squeeze</a></dt>
<dd>A squeeze in three suits that, when it matures, results in a new squeezed position in two suits.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="promote">Promote</span></dt>
<dd>1) In the play, to cause a card to become a winner.</dd>
<dd>2) In the bidding, to assign a higher value to a card, or to the hand as a whole, as a result of earlier calls made by partner or by the opponents.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="proprieties">Proprieties</span></dt>
<dd>A section of the Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge that describes, in general terms, proper conduct as to the exchange of information concerning a hand, as to attitude and etiquette, as to partnership agreements, and as to spectators' conduct.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="protect">Protect</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#balance">balance</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="protest">Protest</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#appeal">appeal</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-squeeze" title="Pseudo-squeeze"><span id="pseudosqueeze">Pseudo squeeze</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A position that, to a defender, appears to be a true squeezed position, but is not. Declarer hopes that the defender will misplay as a result. The literature often gives as an example a position in which declarer has a void in dummy's apparent suit of entry.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Psychic_bid" title="Psychic bid"><span id="psyche">Psych, psyche, psychic, or psychic bid</span></a></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#call">call</a> that grossly misstates high card strength or distribution, made so as to deceive the opponents. The Laws specify that psychic bids themselves are legal. It is, however, a violation to infer and fail to disclose that partner has psyched, when the inference is based on partnership agreement or experience. Sponsoring organizations regulate the use of certain psychic bids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="psychiccontrol">Psychic control</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that, by partnership agreement, announces that the player's previous bid was a psychic.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pull">Pull</span></dt>
<dd>1) To remove the opponents' trumps.</dd>
<dd>2) To remove partner's double.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="pump">Pump</span></dt>
<dd>To force out an opponent's trump, usually by means of a <a href="#F">forcing defense</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="puppet">Puppet</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#transfer">transfer</a> bid that requests partner to make a minimum bid in a particular suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="push">Push</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Verb) To force the opponents to make any subsequent call at a level higher than they have as yet.</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) A tied board in a team event.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Q">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Q">Q</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="quack">Quack</span></dt>
<dd>A contraction of <i>qu</i>een and j<i>ack</i>. Used in situations where it does not matter whether the queen or the jack is held or played, as well as to emphasize that it does not matter. The term generalizes to other <a href="#equals">equals</a>, such as jack and ten.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2010" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> See <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_restricted_choice" title="Principle of restricted choice" class="mw-redirect">Principle of restricted choice</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="qualifying">Qualifying</span></dt>
<dd>(Adjective) A <a href="#session">session</a> or sessions preliminary to the final of an <a href="#event">event</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="quantitative">Quantitative</span></dt>
<dd>1) Of a bid: A call based, usually, on <a href="#HCP">high card points</a>, rather than a feature such as fit or shortness. A raise from 1NT to 3NT based on a 4-3-3-3 hand with 10 <a href="#HCP">HCP</a> is a quantitative raise.</dd>
<dd>2) Of scoring: The method of scoring used in <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a> or in <a href="#IMP">IMP</a> events. The metric used is the number of points earned on each deal, perhaps adjusted by the IMP scale and <a href="#victory">victory points</a>. In contrast, <a href="#comparativescoring">comparative scoring</a> is based on the number of pairs that have been out-scored.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="queen-ask">Queen-ask</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#keycard">Key Card Blackwood</a>, the cheapest bid over the response to 4NT, to ask responder for the trump queen.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Quick_trick" title="Quick trick" class="mw-redirect"><span id="quicktricks">Quick tricks</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>see <a href="#honortricks">honor tricks</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="quittrick">Quitted trick</span></dt>
<dd>A trick whose cards have all been turned face down (duplicate bridge) and gathered in front of the trick's winner (rubber bridge). In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, a player may inspect a quitted trick if his side has not yet led to the next trick. In duplicate bridge, a player may inspect a quitted trick only if told to do so by a director.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="quotient">Quotient</span></dt>
<dd>Points won divided by the sum of points won and points lost, occasionally used to break a tie.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: R">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="R">R</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rainbow">Rainbow</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#movement">movement</a> used in <a href="#individual">individual</a> events.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="raise">Raise</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#bid">bid</a> of partner's suit at a higher <a href="#level">level</a>. A raise shows a <a href="#fit">fit</a> for partner's suit. 1?–2? is a single raise; 1?–3? is a double raise.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rank">Rank</span></dt>
<dd>1) The position of an individual card relative to others: Aces have the highest rank, followed by K, Q, J, 10, ... 2.</dd>
<dd>2) The order of <a href="#denomination">denominations</a> in the bidding. Notrump is highest-ranked denomination, followed by spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs. A higher-ranked suit may be bid at the same <a href="#level">level</a> as a lower-ranked suit; the reverse is not true.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rebid">Rebid</span></dt>
<dd>1) Second and subsequent <a href="#bid">bids</a> by the same player.</dd>
<dd>2) A bid by the same player in a suit he has already bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rebiddablesuit">Rebiddable suit</span></dt>
<dd>A suit with sufficient length and strength, according to partnership agreements, to be rebid in certain defined circumstances.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="recap">Recap</span></dt>
<dd>(Abbreviation of "recapitulation") A summary of results in a bridge tournament.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="recorder">Recorder</span></dt>
<dd>A member of a bridge organization whose responsibility it is to maintain a record of reports of possible violations of the <a href="#proprieties">Proprieties</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rectifythecount">Rectify the count</span></dt>
<dd>To lose some number of tricks in preparation for a <a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">squeeze</a>. Losing the tricks "tightens up" the position, removing <a href="#idle">idle</a> cards from the defenders' hands before they can be used as safe <a href="#discard">discards</a> in the squeezed position.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="red">Red</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) Vulnerable. From the color of the paint on a duplicate <a href="#board">board</a>. Also: "Red vs. red" to mean both teams vulnerable, and "red vs. white" to mean vulnerable vs. not.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="redeal">Redeal</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, the prescribed remedy for a faulty deal. In <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>, redeals are not used except in special cases and under a director's supervision.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="redouble">Redouble</span></dt>
<dd>A call that doubles the <a href="#penalty">penalties</a> and <a href="#bonus">bonuses</a> that apply to a previous <a href="#double">double</a>. Used conventionally, a redouble may also convey additional information.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="reentry">Re-entry</span></dt>
<dd>A card that enables a hand to gain the <a href="#lead">lead</a> on a later trick, after that hand has already gained the lead with a different entry card.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="refuse">Refuse</span> (a trick)</dt>
<dd>To <a href="#duck">duck</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="reject">Reject</span></dt>
<dd>To fail to comply with a bid that has made a request, such as an <a href="#invite">invitation</a> or a <a href="#transfer">transfer</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Relay_bid" title="Relay bid"><span id="relaybid">Relay bid</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>An artificial bid that requests partner to further describe his hand. The relay is usually the lowest available bid, so as to leave as much room for description as possible.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="relaysystem">Relay system</span></dt>
<dd>A <b><a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">bidding system</a></b> that consists of many relay sequences.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="remove">Remove</span></dt>
<dd>To bid on over an undesired contract, especially a doubled contract.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="renege">Renege</span></dt>
<dd>Informal term for <b><a href="/wiki/Revoke" title="Revoke">Revoke</a></b>; associated with other games such as <b><a href="/wiki/Whist" title="Whist">whist</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="reopen">Reopen</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#balance">balance</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><i><span id="repechage">Repechage</span></i></dt>
<dd>A form of <a href="#knockout">knockout</a> event in which losing teams enter a secondary event, with the possibility of re-entering the primary event if they have a high finish in the secondary.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rescue">Rescue</span></dt>
<dd>To <a href="#R">remove</a> from a contract that partner has bid and which, often, has been doubled.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="responder">Responder</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#openingbid">opening bidder</a>'s partner.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="response">Response</span></dt>
<dd>A bid by <a href="#responder">responder</a> immediately following an <a href="#openingbid">opening bid</a> and <a href="#RHO">RHO</a>'s <a href="#call">call</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="responsivedouble">Responsive double</span></dt>
<dd>A double that follows <a href="#LHO">LHO</a>'s opening bid, partner's takeout double and <a href="#RHO">RHO</a>'s raise of opener's suit, to show moderate values and no clear opinion as to the best strain.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="resultmerchant">Result merchant</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) One who evaluates bids and plays according to their outcome, rather than to their intrinsic merit. Also, "Result player."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="retainthelead">Retain the lead</span></dt>
<dd>Maintain the right to lead to the next trick by leading and winning the current trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="">Return</span></dt>
<dd>To lead back, usually the suit that partner led.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Reverse_(bridge)" title="Reverse (bridge)"><span id="reverse">Reverse</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>Second round bid of a new suit that responder could have bid on the first round but bypassed instead. Such bids are made by opener and responder as a means of showing extra strength without jumping.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Revoke" title="Revoke"><span id="revoke">Revoke</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>Failure to <a href="#followsuit">follow suit</a> as required when a player is able to do so.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rewind">Rewind</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) To redouble.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="RHO">RHO</span></dt>
<dd>Right-hand opponent.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="risewith">Rise with</span></dt>
<dd>To play a high card in the hope of taking a trick: "Rise with the ace." Also, "go up with"</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>RKCB</dt>
<dd>Acronym for <b><a href="/wiki/Blackwood_convention#Roman_Key_Card_Blackwood_.28RKCB.29" title="Blackwood convention">Roman Key-Card Blackwood</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Roman">Roman</span></dt>
<dd>Descriptive of bids and carding agreements used or originated in the <b><a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">Roman system</a></b>:</dd>
<dd>1) Roman 2♣ and 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>: <a href="#threesuiter">Three-suiters</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) <b><a href="/wiki/Blackwood_convention#Roman_Blackwood" title="Blackwood convention">Roman Blackwood</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Gerber_convention" title="Gerber convention">Gerber</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Blackwood_convention#Roman_Key_Card_Blackwood_.28RKCB.29" title="Blackwood convention">Roman Key-Card Blackwood (RKCB)</a></b>: Step responses to the ace-asking bid that entail mild ambiguity.</dd>
<dd>3) Roman jump <a href="#overcall">overcall</a>: <a href="#twosuiter">Two-suiter</a>.</dd>
<dd>4) Roman asking bid: A request that partner bid his number of controls <a href="#wholesale">wholesale</a>, via step responses.</dd>
<dd>5) Roman discards: <a href="#odd-even">odd-even discards</a>.</dd>
<dd>6) Roman leads: <a href="#Rusinow">Rusinow leads</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>RONF</dt>
<dd>Acronym for Raise Only Non-Force. A treatment used for responding to preempts, usually <a href="/wiki/Weak_two_bid" title="Weak two bid">weak two bids</a>. All bids except the single raise are <b><a href="/wiki/Forcing_bid" title="Forcing bid">forcing</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Rosenblum Cup</dt>
<dd>The award for winning the world knockout team championship that is held in even numbered years other than leap years. (The Bermuda Bowl is contested in odd numbered years and the World Team Olympiad in leap years.)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rotation">Rotation</span></dt>
<dd>The progression of the bidding and play in a clockwise direction around the table.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Roth-Stone</dt>
<dd>A <b><a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">bidding system</a></b> popular during the 1960s in the US. It features sound opening bids, five-card majors and negative doubles. It is the principal foundation for 2/1 Game Forcing.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="round">Round</span></dt>
<dd>1) In the <a href="#bid">bidding</a>, a sequence of four consecutive <a href="#call">calls</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) In duplicate bridge, a set of boards leading to another round (e.g., the semi-final round), or a set of boards that two <a href="#pairs">pairs</a> play against one another.</dd>
<dd>3) Of a control, the round on which the control can stop the opponents from winning a trick. An ace, for example, is a first round control; the king is a second round control.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rounded">Rounded suit</span></dt>
<dd>Hearts or clubs. The term refers to the shape of the suit symbols. Compare to <a href="#pointed">pointed suit</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="round-robin">Round-robin</span></dt>
<dd>An event format in which each team eventually opposes each other team.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rubber">Rubber</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, the set of successive deals that ends when one of the pairs wins two <a href="#game">games</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="rubberbonus">Rubber bonus</span></dt>
<dd>A bonus awarded to the pair winning the rubber: 500 points if the losers are vulnerable, 700 if they are not.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Rubber_bridge" title="Rubber bridge"><span id="rubberbridge">Rubber bridge</span></a></dt>
<dd>The original form of <a href="#contractbridge">contract bridge</a>, a contest of four people playing only amongst themselves (as distinct from <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>, which requires a minimum of eight players). There is often a wager on the result.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Rubensadvances">Rubens advances</span></dt>
<dd>Transfer advances of overcalls. See <b><a href="/wiki/Useful_Space_Principle" title="Useful Space Principle" class="mw-redirect">Useful Space Principle</a></b>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ruff">Ruff</span></dt>
<dd>To play a <a href="#trump">trump</a> on a trick when a <a href="#plainsuit">plain suit</a> was led.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Ruff_and_discard" title="Ruff and discard" class="mw-redirect">Ruff and discard</a></b></dt>
<dd><span id="ruffsluff">The</span> lead of a suit in which both opponents are void, so that one opponent can <a href="#ruff">ruff</a> while the other <a href="#discard">discards</a> (or <i>sluffs</i>). A ruff and discard is usually damaging to the side that leads to the trick. Also, <i>ruff and sluff</i> or <i>ruff and slough</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ruffout">Ruff out</span></dt>
<dd>To establish a suit by ruffing one or more of its low cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Rule of Eleven</dt>
<dd>A calculation that can be used when it is reasonable to suppose that <a href="#openinglead">opening leader</a> has led the fourth highest card that he held in a suit. The rule says to subtract the <a href="#pip">pips</a> on the card led from 11. The result is the number of cards in the other three hands that are higher than the one led. Third hand, for example, can then make inferences about declarer's hand by examining his own holding and dummy's.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ruleoftwenty">Rule of Twenty</span></dt>
<dd>A widely used guideline of the <a href="#sayc">Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC)</a> bidding system which states that a hand may open bidding "normally" (that is, by bidding one of a suit) if the sum obtained by adding the combined <a href="#length">length</a> of its longest two suits to its high card points is twenty or more, but that weaker hands must either open with a <a href="#preempt">preempive bid</a> or <a href="#pass">pass</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Rule of Two and Three</dt>
<dd>A bidding guide suggested by <a href="/wiki/Ely_Culbertson" title="Ely Culbertson">Ely Culbertson</a>, which counsels preemptors to be within two tricks of their contract if <a href="#vulnerable">vulnerable</a>, and within three if not. Few players now follow the Rule of Two and Three.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="ruling">Ruling</span></dt>
<dd>A finding and decision by a tournament director or appeals committee.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="run">Run</span></dt>
<dd>To play the winners in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Rusinow_leads" title="Rusinow leads"><span id="Rusinow">Rusinow</span> leads</a></b></dt>
<dd>An agreement to lead the second highest of touching honors.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: S">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="S">S</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Sac</dt>
<dd>(Slang) Sacrifice. Also, "sack."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(bridge)" title="Sacrifice (bridge)"><span id="sacrifice">Sacrifice</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>To deliberately bid over an opponent's bid, hoping that the cost of a <a href="#penalty">penalty</a> will be smaller than the value of opponent's presumably successful contract.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="safetylevel">Safety level</span></dt>
<dd>A level at which the partnership can normally assume, on the basis of the previous bidding, that its contract will succeed. It is the point below which the partnership prefers to explore even higher contracts. Also, "security level."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Safety_play" title="Safety play"><span id="safetyplay">Safety play</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A play that maximizes the chances for fulfilling the contract (or for achieving a certain score) by avoiding a play which might result in a higher score. Contrast with <a href="#P">percentage play</a>: the latter is the best play in a <i>suit</i>, while a safety play is the best <a href="#L">line</a> for the <i>contract</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sandbag">Sandbag</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) To bid weakly or pass with good values, in the hope that the opponents will get <a href="#O">overboard</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sandwich">Sandwich</span></dt>
<dd>An overcall made after an opening bid and response by the opponents. The overcall is "sandwiched" between two hands that have each shown strength.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="save">Save</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) Sacrifice.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="SAYC">SAYC</span></dt>
<dd>Acronym for <b><a href="/wiki/Standard_American" title="Standard American">Standard American</a></b> Yellow Card.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Scientific">Scientific</span></dt>
<dd>A style of bidding that attempts to narrowly limit the strength of a partnership's hands, so as to make its bidding more accurate.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Scissors_coup" title="Scissors coup"><span id="scissors">Scissors coup</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#losers">loser-on-loser</a> play meant to break the opponents' communications. Formerly known as 'Coup without a name'.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Bridge_scoring" title="Bridge scoring"><span id="score">Score</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>1) The numeric result of a <a href="#deal">deal</a>, <a href="#session">session</a> or <a href="#event">event</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) Of a card, to win a trick: "The ♠Q scored."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="scoreslip">Score slip</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#P">pick-up slip</a> or <a href="#T">traveller</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="scramble">Scramble</span></dt>
<dd>1) To bid to a safer contract.</dd>
<dd>2) To score small trumps by ruffing, rather than as <a href="#longcards">long cards</a>. Often used of the play of a contract based on a <a href="#Moysian">Moysian fit</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Screen_(bridge)" title="Screen (bridge)"><span id="screen">Screen</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A device which divides the table diagonally, visually separating partners from each other. Used in higher-level competition to reduce the possibility of <a href="#unauth">unauthorized information</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="screenmates">Screenmates</span></dt>
<dd>Opponents who sit on the same side of the <a href="#screen">screen</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="seat">Seat</span></dt>
<dd>Position relative to the dealer: for example, dealer's <a href="#LHO">LHO</a> is said to be in <i>second seat</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="secondguesser">Second guesser</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#resultmerchant">result merchant</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="secondhand">Second hand</span></dt>
<dd>The player to the left of the player who has led to a trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="secondhandlow">Second hand low</span></dt>
<dd>A precept that advises <a href="#secondhand">second hand</a> to play a low card on <a href="#RHO">RHO</a>'s lead.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="section">Section</span></dt>
<dd>A group of contestants in an <a href="#event">event</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="seed">Seed</span></dt>
<dd>A ranking assigned to a contestant of relatively high rank.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="see-sawsqueeze">See-saw squeeze</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#entry-shiftingsqueeze">Entry-shifting squeeze</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="semi-balancedhand">Semi-balanced hand</span></dt>
<dd>A hand with 5-4-2-2 or 6-3-2-2 distribution.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="semi-forcingbid">Semi-forcing bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid which is conditionally <a href="#F">forcing</a>: one which requests partner to rebid <i>unless</i> his hand is minimal or sub-minimal for his previous bidding. Compare <a href="#invite">invitation</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sequence">Sequence</span></dt>
<dd>1) The <a href="#auction">auction</a>, or <a href="#call">calls</a> made in the auction.</dd>
<dd>2) Two or more cards adjacent in rank.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="session">Session</span></dt>
<dd>A period of play during which those entered in an <a href="#event">event</a> play designated boards against designated opponents.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="set">Set</span></dt>
<dd>1) To defeat a <a href="#contract">contract</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) The number of tricks by which a contract is defeated ("a two-trick set").</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="setgame">Set game</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, an agreement that partners will not change at the end of each rubber.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="setup">Set up</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#establish">Establish</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="shaded">Shaded</span></dt>
<dd>(Of a call) A call that is not quite warranted by the strength of the <a href="#hand">hand</a> making it.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="shape">Shape</span></dt>
<dd>The <a href="#distribution">distribution</a> of suits in a hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="shift">Shift</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Verb) To lead a suit other than the one already played.</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) In the bidding, a change of suit, usually said of a <a href="#jump-bid">jump bid</a> (see <a href="#jumpshift">jump shift</a>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Shooting_(bridge)" title="Shooting (bridge)"><span id="shoot">Shoot</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>To try for an unusually good result by adopting an abnormal line of play, typically at <a href="#matchpoint">matchpoint</a> scoring. Declarer hopes that the cards are distributed in such a way that a superior line of play will fail.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="shortclub">Short club</span></dt>
<dd>The natural opening bid of 1♣ when the suit contains only three cards. Usually employed by players using the <a href="#5majors">five-card majors</a> treatment for openings bids when holding a hand with opening values but lacking a 5-card major. When the hand contains two clubs and three diamonds, an opening diamond bid is preferred. Also, "short diamond."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="short-suitgametry">Short-suit <b><a href="/wiki/Game_try" title="Game try">game try</a></b></span></dt>
<dd>By agreement, a bid of a <i>short</i> side suit after a single raise, hoping to reach game. For example, after 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> - 2<span style="color: red">♥</span>, opener might rebid 3♣ with a singleton or void in clubs. The bid tells partner where high cards will be least useful, indicating <a href="#dupvals">duplication of values</a>. It requests partner to take positive action with high-card strength outside that suit. Otherwise, the bid requests partner to sign off (in this example, by bidding 3<span style="color: red">♥</span>). See <a href="#help-suitgametry">help-suit game try</a> and <a href="#gametry">game try</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="short-suitpoints">Short-suit points</span></dt>
<dd>In <b><a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">hand evaluation</a></b>, points counted for <a href="#singleton">singletons</a> and <a href="#void">voids</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="showout">Show out</span></dt>
<dd>Fail to follow suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="shuffle">Shuffle</span></dt>
<dd>To mix the cards. Shuffling seldom results in random distributions: in the long run, the cards so mixed rarely match the mathematical expectancies.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="side">Side</span></dt>
<dd><a href="#partnership">Partnership</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sidegame">Side game</span></dt>
<dd>A secondary <a href="#event">event</a> played simultaneously with the main event.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sidesuit">Side suit</span></dt>
<dd>A suit that is not trump; <a href="#plainsuit">plain suit</a>. A side suit may nevertheless have significant length: see <a href="#twosuiter">Two-suiter</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Signal_(bridge)" title="Signal (bridge)"><span id="signals">Signals</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>The conventional meanings assigned to plays made by the <a href="#defenders">defenders</a> in order to exchange information. Also, <a href="#carding">carding</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="signoffbid">Signoff bid</span></dt>
<dd>1) A bid that requests that partner pass.</dd>
<dd>2) A call that denies <a href="#extravalues">extra values</a>, one that normally results in a pass by partner. Compare <a href="#non-forcingbid">non-forcing bid</a>, <a href="#forcingbid">forcing bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="signoff">Sign off</span></dt>
<dd>To make a signoff bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="simplesqueeze">Simple squeeze</span></dt>
<dd>A <b><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">squeeze</a></b> against one opponent, in two suits, with the <a href="#count">count</a> (meaning 3).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="singledummy">Single dummy</span></dt>
<dd>The normal manner of play, based on certain knowledge only of one's own cards and dummy's. Compare with <a href="#doubledummy">double dummy</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="singleton">Singleton</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#H">holding</a> of exactly one card in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sit-out">Sit-out</span></dt>
<dd>A round in a <a href="#movement">movement</a> during which a pair is idle.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="skip">Skip</span></dt>
<dd>An irregular feature of a Mitchell movement: typically a move by the East-West pairs of 2 tables up instead of the usual 1, to avoid them playing the same boards twice.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="skip-bidwarning">Skip-bid warning</span></dt>
<dd>A warning to <a href="#LHO">LHO</a> that one is about to make a jump bid that could cause a revealing <a href="#hesitation">hesitation</a> or <a href="#huddle">huddle</a>. LHO is requested to wait for a short time before taking action. Some feel that the accumulated delay is unacceptable, but the use of <a href="#bidbox">bidding boxes</a> and <a href="#screen">screens</a> has largely eliminated the problem.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="slam">Slam</span></dt>
<dd>A bid of six-<a href="#odd">odd</a> (a <a href="#smallslam">small slam</a>) or seven-odd (a <a href="#grandslam">grand slam</a>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="slamtry">Slam try</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that invites partner to bid a slam.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="slot">Slot</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) The location of a card that is <a href="#onside">onside</a>. "In the slot" means "Finessable."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="slough">Slough</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#discard">discard</a>. Pronounced, and often spelled, "sluff."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="slow">Slow</span></dt>
<dd>Cards that require <a href="#establish">establishment</a> before they can be cashed.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="slowarrival">Slow arrival</span></dt>
<dd>A style of bidding that uses a jump to a contract (to which the previous bidding has already forced the partnership) to show a specific holding. Compare with <a href="#fastarrival">Fast arrival</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sluff">Sluff</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#discard">discard</a>. Neo-orthography for <i>slough</i>, as used in <i>ruff and sluff</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="smallslam">Small slam</span></dt>
<dd>A contract for six <a href="#oddtricks">odd tricks</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Smolen">Smolen</span></dt>
<dd>After opener has denied a four-card major in a <a href="#Stayman">Stayman</a> sequence, responder's jump to 3M to show four cards in the bid major and five cards in the other major.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Smother_play" title="Smother play">Smother play</a></b></dt>
<dd>An endplay that captures an opponent's finessable card when that card cannot be finessed in the normal fashion.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="softvalues">Soft values</span></dt>
<dd>Lower honors, as distinct from aces and kings.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="solid">Solid</span></dt>
<dd>A suit strong enough to <a href="#run">run</a> without interruption, or (in the bidding) that requires no fit with partner.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sort">Sort</span></dt>
<dd>To arrange one's cards by suit, and by rank within suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>S.O.S. redouble</dt>
<dd>A redouble that asks partner for <a href="#rescue">rescue</a> from a doubled contract, normally a bad one.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sound">Sound</span></dt>
<dd>A hand that is relatively strong for a call that is contemplated or that has been made.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="splinter">Splinter bid</span></dt>
<dd>An unusual jump bid that by agreement shows a fit for partner's last-bid suit and a singleton or void in the bid suit. For example, a partnership could treat 4♣ in response to an opening bid of 1♠ as a splinter bid, showing a good hand with spade support and a singleton or void club. Compare with <a href="#fragmentbid">Fragment bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="split">Split</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) The distribution in the opponents' hands of the cards in a suit.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To play one of two touching honors when the lead comes through them.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="splitmenace">Split menace</span></dt>
<dd>A menace in <b><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">squeeze play</a></b> which depends on values in both declarer's hand and dummy.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sponsor">Sponsor</span></dt>
<dd>1) The organization that puts on a tournament.</dd>
<dd>2) One who hires partners or teammates to compete in an <a href="#event">event</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="spot">Spot</span> card</dt>
<dd>A card that ranks below the 10.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="spread">Spread</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) <a href="#laydown">Laydown</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)"><span id="squeeze">Squeeze</span></a></dt>
<dd>A playing technique that forces the defender(s) to <a href="#discard">discard</a> a vital card, usually an apparent <a href="#stopper">stopper</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="squeezecard">Squeeze card</span></dt>
<dd>A card whose lead forces one or both defenders to discard their guard in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="stack">Stack</span></dt>
<dd>A distribution of cards in defenders' hands that might make the play difficult for declarer. The defenders' trumps, for example, could be said to be <i>stacked</i> if they divide 5-0.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="sayc"><a href="/wiki/Standard_American" title="Standard American">Standard American</a> or Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC)</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">bidding system</a> thought to conform to agreements that an unfamiliar partnership in America would use.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="stationary">Stationary</span></dt>
<dd>Not called to change seats during the <a href="#movement">movement</a> being used.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Stayman_convention" title="Stayman convention"><span id="Stayman">Stayman convention</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A conventional bid of 2♣ that calls for a 1NT <a href="#openingbid">opening bidder</a> to bid a four-card major, if one is held, and (usually) 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> otherwise. Many continuations have been devised.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="steal">Steal</span></dt>
<dd>To gain an advantage, usually through deception. The theft may be material (e.g., a trick or a contract) or non-material (e.g., a <a href="#tempo">tempo</a>). Despite the term <i>steal</i>, deception is entirely legal if it does not involve unauthorized information or concealment of information to which the opponents are entitled.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="step">Step</span></dt>
<dd>In the bidding, the space between one bid and the next highest. See <a href="/wiki/Useful_Space_Principle" title="Useful Space Principle" class="mw-redirect">Useful Space Principle</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="stepbid">Step bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that conveys information on the basis of the number of steps it uses.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Stepping-stone_squeeze" title="Stepping-stone squeeze">Stepping-stone squeeze</a></b></dt>
<dd>A squeeze that forces a defender either to be thrown in to act as a stepping-stone to a stranded dummy, or to allow declarer to establish a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="stiff">Stiff</span></dt>
<dd>(Adjective and noun) A singleton.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="stop">Stop</span></dt>
<dd>An instruction given to opponents when you make a jump (also known as skip) bid. The opponent is expected to wait around 10 seconds before calling, so as to avoid communicating information to partner as to how easy his call is to make. See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skip_bid_warning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skip bid warning (page does not exist)">Skip bid warning</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="stopper">Stopper</span></dt>
<dd>A high card (normally, an <a href="#honor">honor</a>) whose primary function is to prevent the opponents from running a suit in a <a href="#notrump">notrump</a> <a href="#contract">contract</a>. (See also <a href="#control">control</a>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="strain">Strain</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#denomination">denomination</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="strip">Strip</span></dt>
<dd>1) To remove safe cards of exit from an opponent's hand.</dd>
<dd>2) To prepare for a <a href="#ruffsluff">ruff-and-sluff</a> by removing all cards of a suit (or suits) in a partnership's hands.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="strip-squeeze">Strip-squeeze</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> without the <a href="#count">count</a> in which one threat is against a safe exit card.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Striped-tail ape double</dt>
<dd>A double of a laydown contract made in hope of dissuading the opponents from successfully bidding to a higher, more rewarding contract. The doubler must be prepared to run (like the cowardly ape) to an <a href="#escapesuit">escape suit</a> if the opponents redouble.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Strong_club_system" title="Strong club system">Strong club system</a></b></dt>
<dd>A set of conventions that uses an opening bid of 1♣ as an artificial, forcing opening that promises a strong hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="strongno">Strong notrump</span></dt>
<dd>An opening notrump that shows a balanced hand and 15-17 or 16-18 <a href="#HCP">HCP</a>. Compare with <a href="#weakno">weak notrump</a>. A partnership's choice between the use of a strong notrump or a weak notrump has extensive implications for its entire bidding system.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="strongpass">Strong pass system</span></dt>
<dd>A bidding system that mandates a pass by first (or second) hand to show what other systems would regard as an opening bid. A corollary is that if the next hand also passes, third (or fourth) hand must bid to keep the deal from being passed out.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="strong2">Strong two-bid</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement to use an opening bid of two of a suit so as to indicate a strong hand and a strong <a href="#holding">holding</a> in the bid suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="stub">Stub</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) <a href="#partscore">Part-score</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="suckerdouble">Sucker double</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) An ill-advised penalty double, such as one based on <a href="#HCP">HCP</a> when the bidding warns of <a href="#freak">freak</a> distributions.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Suit_(cards)" title="Suit (cards)"><span id="suit">Suit</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A ranked division of the <a href="#deck">deck</a> of cards into (in descending rank order) spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs. The suit ranking has a profound effect on the bidding and scoring, but none at all on the play. (See also <a href="#denomination">denomination</a>, <a href="#majorsuit">major suit</a>, and <a href="#minorsuit">minor suit</a>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="suitpref">Suit preference signal</span></dt>
<dd>A defensive carding method that signals a preference, or the lack thereof, for a suit other than the suit used for the signal.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="superaccept">Superaccept</span></dt>
<dd>A strongly encouraging response to a <a href="#transfer">transfer</a>, such as a jump completion (e.g., 1NT - 2<span style="color: red">♥</span>; 3♠).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="support">Support</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#fit">fit</a> with partner's suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Support_double" title="Support double"><span id="supportdouble">Support double</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A double of an overcall that shows a fit for partner's suit, usually distinguished from a direct raise by the length of the suit in responder's hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="swindle">Swindle</span></dt>
<dd>A deceptive bid or play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="swine">Swine</span></dt>
<dd>SWINE is an Acronym for Sebesfi Woods 1NT Escape.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="swing">Swing</span></dt>
<dd>A difference in <a href="#score">scores</a> between two <a href="#table">tables</a> on a <a href="#board">board</a> in a <a href="#team">team</a> match.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="swish">Swish</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) Three consecutive passes, ending the auction. "3♠ - swish" means 3♠ passed out.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Swiss_system_tournament" title="Swiss system tournament" class="mw-redirect">Swiss</a> teams</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#team">team</a> event in which teams play other teams with a similar record of wins and losses. It typically consists of a series of relatively short (6 to 8 board) <a href="#match">matches</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="switch">Switch</span></dt>
<dd>To lead a different suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="system">System</span></dt>
<dd>see <a href="#biddingsystem">bidding system</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: T">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="T">T</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="table">Table</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) A grouping of four players at a bridge tournament.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To put down one's cards face up.</dd>
<dd>3) See <a href="#dummy">dummy</a>, (2).</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Table card</dt>
<dd>A large printed card placed on a table in a bridge tournament. The card contains instructions for the players, including players' designations and board numbers. Also, "Guide card."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Table presence</dt>
<dd>Awareness of opponents' behavior and mannerisms, leading to inferences regarding their <a href="#holding">holdings</a> and problems on a deal. It is improper to take action on inferences made on the basis of <i>partner's</i> behavior. Also, "Table feel."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Table talk</dt>
<dd>1) Improper communication between partners, effected by words, gestures, or facial expressions.</dd>
<dd>2) Extraneous discussion during the play, discouraged as a distraction or possible source of unauthorized information.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Takeout_double" title="Takeout double"><span id="takeoutdouble"><span id="takeout">Takeout double</span></span></a></dt>
<dd>A conventional call used in a <a href="#competitiveauction">competitive auction</a> to indicate support for the unbid suits in a hand of opening strength, and to request that partner bid. The classic, ideal pattern is 4-4-4-1, with the shortness in the suit doubled. There are many <a href="#informatorydouble">informatory doubles</a> that anticipate a bid from partner, but "takeout double" typically refers to the double immediately over <a href="#openingbid">opening bidder</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Tank</dt>
<dd>(Slang) <a href="#huddle">Huddle</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Tap</dt>
<dd>(Verb and noun) Slang. To adopt a line of defense that is intended to force declarer to ruff in the <a href="#L">long hand</a>. Also, the line of defense itself: "To get the tap going." See <a href="#F">Forcing defense</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge#Team_game" title="Duplicate bridge"><span id="team">Team</span></a></dt>
<dd>1) A group of four to six players who compete together against other teams. With a six-member team, two players sit out each session.</dd>
<dd>2) A form of <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">duplicate bridge</a>, scored at <a href="#IMP">IMPs</a> or sometimes <a href="#board-a-match">board-a-match</a>, in which two teams contest several deals. One pair from each team sits North-South at one table and another pair sits East-West at the other table. Also, "Team-of-four."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Teammate</dt>
<dd>A member of the same team.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(bridge)" title="Tempo (bridge)"><span id="tempo">Tempo</span></a></dt>
<dd>1) The number of tricks needed to execute a line of play. Early in the play, the way in which a player uses a tempo in his choice of lead often determines the outcome of the deal.</dd>
<dd>2) The speed at which a player executes a call or play. Some players attempt to intimidate less experienced opponents by playing their cards very quickly. A <i>break</i> in tempo often indicates that a player has an unexpected problem in play.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Temporizing bid</dt>
<dd><a href="#waitbid">Waiting bid.</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="tenace">Tenace</span></dt>
<dd>A broken sequence of (often) honor cards, such as ♠AQ or <span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>KJ. Declarer may lead toward his or dummy's tenace, preparing to finesse for a missing card. A defender may lead through declarer's or dummy's tenace to help his partner score cards behind the tenace.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Their hand</dt>
<dd>(Slang) A hand on which the opponents have the preponderance of strength.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Thin</dt>
<dd>(Slang) 1) A bid or contract based on less strength than normally recommended.</dd>
<dd>2) (Of a hand) Lacking <a href="#body">body</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Third-and-fifth</dt>
<dd>An opening lead convention that calls for the lead of the third-best card in a suit of up to four card length, and the fifth-best in a longer suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Third from even, low from odd</dt>
<dd>An opening lead convention that calls for the lead of the third-best card from a suit with an even number of cards, and the lowest card from a suit with an odd number of cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Third hand</dt>
<dd>The player who makes the third <a href="#call">call</a>, or who is the third to play to a trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Third hand high</dt>
<dd>A precept that advises the <a href="#T">third hand</a> to play a high card on partner's lead.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="threat">Threat</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> play, a <a href="#menace">menace</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="3suiter">Three suiter</span></dt>
<dd>A hand with length in three suits, thus shortness in the fourth. Distributions such as 4-4-4-1, 5-4-4-0 and 5-4-3-1 are often termed "three-suiters."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Throw</dt>
<dd>To <a href="#discard">discard</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Throw-in</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#endplay">Endplay</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Tight</dt>
<dd>(Slang) An honor card or honor sequence unaccompanied by low cards: "He had the <span style="color: red">♥</span>KQ tight."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Timing</dt>
<dd>A player's agenda for tasks in the play of the hand: for example, ruff losers and then draw trumps; or, draw trumps and then run the side suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Top">Top</span></dt>
<dd>Playing <a href="#matchpoint">matchpoints</a>, the highest score achieved on a board.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="TON">Top</span> of nothing</dt>
<dd>The lead of a high <a href="#spot">spot</a> card from a suit that contains no <a href="#honor">honor</a> card.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Top trick</dt>
<dd>A card that can take a trick on a given hand. See <a href="#W">Winner</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Total tricks</dt>
<dd>The sum of the number of tricks that each partnership can take, with its longest combined suit as trump. See <a href="#L">Law of Total tricks</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Touching</dt>
<dd>Adjacent. Both cards and suits may be touching. In the holding ♣KQ5, the king and queen are touching. In deciding whether to respond <a href="#upontheline">Up the line</a>, a player notes that hearts and spades are touching suits.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="tournament">Tournament</span></dt>
<dd>An organized <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">duplicate bridge</a> competition.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="trance">Trance</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) <a href="#huddle">Huddle</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="transfer">Transfer</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) A bid that conventionally shows length in a different suit.</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) A bid that requests partner to make a bid in a particular suit, usually the suit immediately above that of the transfer.</dd>
<dd>3) (Verb) See <a href="#controltransfer">transfer a control</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="transferablevalues">Transferable values</span></dt>
<dd>Cards, such as aces and kings, that are valuable either in declarer's hands or in defenders'.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="controltransfer">Transfer a control</span></dt>
<dd>In <a href="/wiki/Squeeze_play_(bridge)" title="Squeeze play (bridge)">squeeze play</a>, to shift the responsibility of controlling, or <i>guarding</i>, a menace from one opponent to the other. This is usually accomplished by playing through one opponent in a way that forces him to cover the lead, leaving the other opponent with the remaining control. The purpose is to arrange that one opponent has to guard more menaces than he can successfully manage.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="trappass">Trap pass</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#sandbag">Sandbag</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="traveler">Traveler</span></dt>
<dd>A slip of paper that is folded into a <a href="#board">board</a> in a <a href="#pairs">pairs</a> contest. The traveler records the results at tables where the board has already been played.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="tray">Tray</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#board">Board</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="treatment">Treatment</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#natural">natural</a> call that by partnership <a href="#agreement">agreement</a> carries or requests additional information regarding the suit named. If the treatment is an unusual one, it requires announcement to the opponents even though it is natural. For example, a partnership that plays <a href="/wiki/Flannery" title="Flannery">Flannery</a> usually agrees that a 1♠ response to a 1<span style="color: red">♥</span> opening bid shows five spades. So the 1♠ response to 1<span style="color: red">♥</span>, while natural, is a treatment because by agreement it shows at least a five card suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="trialbid">Trial bid</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#gametry">game try</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="trial">Trial</span></dt>
<dd>A (usually, high-level) tournament whose winners proceed to a subsequent event of even greater import.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Trick-taking_game" title="Trick-taking game"><span id="trick">Trick</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A set of 4 cards played by each player in turn, during the <a href="#play">play</a> of a <a href="#hand">hand</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="trickscore">Trick score</span></dt>
<dd>The score earned by contracting for and taking tricks. Trick scores count toward making a <a href="#game">game</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Triple_squeeze" title="Triple squeeze">Triple squeeze</a></dt>
<dd>A <b><a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a></b> that is so-named because it consists of three <a href="#simplesqueeze">simple squeezes</a> against the same opponent. A <b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_squeeze" title="Progressive squeeze">Progressive squeeze</a></b> is regarded as a triple squeeze (because it is initiated by one), but not all triple squeezes are progressive.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Tripleton</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#holding">holding</a> of three cards in a suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="trump">Trump</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Noun) A card in the <a href="#trumpsuit">trump suit</a> whose trick-taking power is greater than any <a href="#plainsuit">plain suit</a> card.</dd>
<dd>2) (Verb) To play a trump after a <a href="#plainsuit">plain suit</a> has been led; see <a href="#ruff">Ruff</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Trump control</dt>
<dd>The ability, from a combination of the <a href="#holding">holding</a> in trumps with play technique, to prevent the opponents from taking too many tricks in a <a href="#plainsuit">plain suit</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Trump echo</dt>
<dd>An <a href="#echo">echo</a> in the <a href="#trumpsuit">trump suit</a>, long used to alert partner to the possibility of a defensive ruff, and in the early 21st century to give partner the <a href="#count">count</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Trump promotion</dt>
<dd>The advancement of a trump to the status of a <a href="#winner">winner</a> by creating a position in which an opponent must suffer an <a href="#uppercut">uppercut</a>, or an immediate adverse <a href="#overruff">overruff</a>, or choose to ruff with a higher trump that makes a later winner of an opponent's trump by force of cards.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Trump squeeze</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> that forces an opponent to weaken his holding in one of the <a href="#threat">threat</a> suits enough that the suit can later be <a href="#ruff">ruffed out</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Suit_(cards)#Trumps" title="Suit (cards)"><span id="trumpsuit">Trump suit</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A suit, determined by the <a href="#declarer">declaring side</a> during the bidding, which if played, wins a trick regardless of the <a href="#rank">rank</a> of other <a href="#plainsuit">plain suit</a> cards played to that trick.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Two-club system</dt>
<dd>A <a href="/wiki/Bidding_system" title="Bidding system">bidding system</a> that uses an opening bid of 2♣ as an artificial <a href="#game">game force</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Two-over-one response</dt>
<dd>A response to an opening one-bid, forced by suit rank to take place at the two-<a href="#level">level</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Two_suiter" title="Two suiter"><span id="twosuiter">Two suiter</span></a></dt>
<dd>A hand containing two long suits, usually each containing 4 or more cards, with at least 10 cards between the two suits.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Two-way finesse</dt>
<dd>A <a href="/wiki/Finesse" title="Finesse">Finesse</a> that could be taken successfully against either opponent.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Two-way Stayman</dt>
<dd>Over an opening bid of 1NT, the use of 2♣ as non-forcing <a href="/wiki/Stayman_convention" title="Stayman convention">Stayman</a> and 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> as a forcing major suit inquiry.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: U">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="U">U</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unauth">Unauthorized information</span></dt>
<dd>Information obtained from partner that one is not permitted to act on: for example, the manner in which partner plays a particular card, or the tone of voice when making a bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unbalanceddistribution">Unbalanced distribution</span></dt>
<dd>Any distribution other than 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 or 5-3-3-2.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unbalancedhand">Unbalanced hand</span></dt>
<dd>As above, a hand whose distribution is unbalanced.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unbidsuit">Unbid suit</span></dt>
<dd>A suit that has neither been bid nor indirectly shown.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unblock">Unblock</span></dt>
<dd>To play a card whose rank interferes with the use of cards in the opposite hand. Opposite dummy's KQJ, declarer's singleton ace <a href="#blocked">blocks</a> the suit, and so is played to unblock. There are other situations that require unblocking, such as the <a href="#V">Vienna coup</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="under">Under</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#infrontof">In front of</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="underbid">Underbid</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Verb) To bid less aggressively, or to a lower contract, than most would with the same cards.</dd>
<dd>2) (Noun) A bid that most would regard as weaker than warranted by the strength of the hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="underlead">Underlead</span></dt>
<dd>To lead a low card when holding the top card or cards in a suit. The underlead is standard in defense of notrump contracts (so as to preserve <a href="#communication">communications</a> between defenders' hands), but unusual against suit contracts.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="underruff">Underruff</span></dt>
<dd>To play a trump lower than one already played on the lead of a <a href="#plainsuit">plain suit</a>. Usually this is undesirable but can sometimes required to adjust the number of trumps held while preparing a <b><a href="/wiki/Trump_coup" title="Trump coup">trump coup</a></b>, or while preparing to defend certain squeezed positions.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="undertrick">Undertrick</span></dt>
<dd>A trick that <a href="#declarer">declarer</a> does not win, causing the contract to go down. Multiple undertricks occur: for example, two undertricks could result in 4<span style="color: red">♥</span> down two.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unfinishedrubber">Unfinished rubber</span></dt>
<dd>A rubber that the players agree not to finish. In <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a> scoring, a 300 point bonus is given to a vulnerable side, and a 100 point bonus to a side with a <a href="#P">part score</a> - note this differs from the 50 points for a part score in duplicate bridge.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unguard">Unguard</span></dt>
<dd>To discard lower cards that help prevent a higher card from being captured by an opponent.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unlimited">Unlimited bid</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#wideranging">wide-ranging bid</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="unplayable">Unplayable</span></dt>
<dd>1) (Of a contract) Unable to be played so as to bring about a favorable outcome.</dd>
<dd>2) (Of an agreement) Inevitably bringing about undesirable bidding sequences or contracts.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Unusual_notrump" title="Unusual notrump"><span id="unusualno">Unusual notrump</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>An artificial jump overcall in notrump that shows a <a href="#twosuiter">Two-suiter</a>, usually bid to suggest a <a href="#sacrifice">sacrifice</a>. As originally played, 1M - (2NT) showed a hand weak in high cards with, probably, 5-5 in the minor suits.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Unusual_vs._unusual" title="Unusual vs. unusual"><span id="unusualoverunusual">Unusual over unusual</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A conventional method of conveying information after the opponents have deployed the <a href="#unusualno">unusual notrump</a> convention or a <a href="#michaels">Michaels Cue Bid</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Unusual_vs._unusual" title="Unusual vs. unusual">Unusual vs. Unusual</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="uptheline">Up the line</span></dt>
<dd>To bid the lower of two adjacent suits before the higher. For example, of two four card majors, the heart suit is normally bid before the spade suit in response to an opening bid of 1♣ or 1<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="uppercut">Uppercut</span></dt>
<dd>To ruff in the expectation of being <a href="#overruff">overruffed</a>, when the overruff will cause a trump in partner's hand to become a <a href="#W">winner</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="upside-down">Upside-down signals</span></dt>
<dd>An agreement that when following suit to partner's lead, a low card encourages a continuation and a high card discourages. This is "upside-down," or the reverse of traditional practice.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Useful_space_principle" title="Useful space principle"><span id="USP">Useful space principle</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A guide to developing bidding conventions and treatments that directs developers' attention to the allocation of bidding space.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: V">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="V">V</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="variablenotrump">Variable notrump</span></dt>
<dd>The use of a <a href="#weakno">weak notrump</a> when not vulnerable and a <a href="#strongno">strong notrump</a> when vulnerable.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="victory">Victory</span> points (VP)</dt>
<dd>A conversion scale used in <a href="#team">team</a> contests and based on total <a href="#IMP">IMP</a> differences, so as to reduce the effect of very large <a href="#S">swings</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Viennacoup"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_coup" title="Vienna coup">Vienna coup</a></span></dt>
<dd>The <a href="#unblock">unblock</a> of a winner opposite a threat prior to reaching a position that effects a <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="view">View</span></dt>
<dd>An assumption about how the cards lie on a particular deal: "Sorry, partner, I took a view."</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="void">Void</span></dt>
<dd>No cards in a given <a href="#suit">suit</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Voidwood</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#exclusion">Exclusion Blackwood</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/VuGraph" title="VuGraph">VuGraph</a></dt>
<dd>A method of electronically displaying tournament bridge deals to spectators.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="vulnerability">Vulnerability</span></dt>
<dd>A scoring condition assigned to each <a href="#pair">pair</a> in advance of a deal. In <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>, vulnerability is indicated on <a href="#board">boards</a>; in <a href="#rubberbridge">rubber bridge</a>, it is determined by the number of <a href="#trick">trick points</a> previously earned. Vulnerability affects both the size of <a href="#bonus">bonuses</a> for making <a href="#contract">contracts</a> and <a href="#penalty">penalties</a> for failing to make them.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="vulnerable">Vulnerable</span></dt>
<dd>1) (<a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">Duplicate bridge</a>) A designation, shown on each <a href="#board">board</a>, that indicates whether larger bonuses and penalties apply to one, both or neither pair on that <a href="#deal">deal</a>.</dd>
<dd>2) (<a href="#rubberbridge">Rubber bridge</a>) Having won one <a href="#game">game</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: W">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="W">W</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="waitbid">Waiting bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid that enables the bidder to obtain more information before making a commitment. For example, some players use 2<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span> over a 2♣ forcing opening bid as a waiting bid rather than as a <a href="#negativeresponse">negative response</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="waive">Waive</span></dt>
<dd>To condone an irregularity. In <a href="#duplicate">duplicate bridge</a>, a waiver is an improper action.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="wash">Wash</span></dt>
<dd>See <a href="#push">Push</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Wasted values</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#dupvals">Duplicated values</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="WBF">WBF</span></dt>
<dd>Acronym for <a href="/wiki/World_Bridge_Federation" title="World Bridge Federation">World Bridge Federation</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Weak jump overcall</dt>
<dd>A <a href="#J">jump overcall</a> used to preempt the bidding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="weakjumpshift">Weak jump shift</span></dt>
<dd>A <b><a href="#jumpshift">jump shift</a></b> used to preempt the bidding.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="weakno">Weak notrump</span></dt>
<dd>A 1NT opening bid on a balanced hand with, usually, 12-14 <a href="#HCP">HCP</a>. The bid has mild preemptive value; compare with <a href="#strongno">strong notrump</a>. To show a strong notrump, the weak notrump user opens with a suit and rebids in notrump.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Weak_two_bid" title="Weak two bid"><span id="weaktwobid">Weak two bid</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>An opening bid of two of a suit to indicate a relatively weak hand with a long suit.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="/wiki/Whist" title="Whist"><span id="whist">Whist</span></a></b></dt>
<dd>A predecessor of contract bridge.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="wholesale">Wholesale</span></dt>
<dd>A count or total that obscures cards' identities. A bid of 5<span style="color: red">♥</span> in response to <a href="#Blackwood">Blackwood</a> shows two aces wholesale, without announcing which aces they are.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="wideopen">Wide open</span></dt>
<dd>(Said of a suit) Without a stopper.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="wideranging">Wide-ranging bid</span></dt>
<dd>A bid made within a wide range of strengths and shapes, the opposite of a <a href="#limit">limit bid</a>. An example from Acol is an opening bid of one of a suit which may be made with anything from 10 HCP (plus some shape) to 22 HCP (with a shape unsuitable for a 2 bid, such as 4-4-4-1). Such bids are limited only by the failure of the bidder to make a stronger or weaker bid; thus an Acol opening bid of one of a suit is limited by the fact that the opener failed to pass, to make a 2 level opening bid, or to make a pre-emptive opening bid.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="">Winkle</span></dt>
<dd>A <a href="#squeeze">squeeze</a> without the <a href="#count">count</a> that forces the defender to choose between a throw-in and an unblock, each of which is a losing option.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="winner">Winner</span></dt>
<dd>A card that can take a trick on a given hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="wire">Wire</span></dt>
<dd>(Slang) Improper knowledge of a deal, prior to playing it.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/World_Bridge_Federation" title="World Bridge Federation">World Bridge Federation</a></dt>
<dd>The international governing body for organized bridge.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>WBU</dt>
<dd>Acronym for Welsh Bridge Union.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Wolff signoff</dt>
<dd>After a jump rebid of 2NT by opener, responder's bid of 3♣ as a <a href="#puppet">puppet</a> to 3<span style="color:red"><big><tt>♦</tt></big></span>, after which responder can sign off with a weak hand.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="workcount">Work count</span></dt>
<dd>The assignment of the numbers 4, 3, 2 and 1 as points to represent aces, kings, queens and jacks in the process of <a href="/wiki/Hand_evaluation" title="Hand evaluation">hand evaluation</a>. Named for Milton Work.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="workingcard">Working card</span></dt>
<dd>A card that is useful to a partnership, given the mesh of the cards in the two hands.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="wrongside">Wrongside</span></dt>
<dd>(Verb) To place the contract in the less favorable hand for the partnership. See <a href="#antipositional">Antipositional</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: X">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="X"><span id="capX">X</span></span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="x">x</span></dt>
<dd>(In lower case) Any small card, of no trick-taking significance.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="X">X</span></dt>
<dd>(in upper case) An abbreviation of <a href="#double">double</a> used in <a href="#bidbox">bidding boxes</a> and the printed word.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span id="XX">XX</span></dt>
<dd>(In upper case) An abbreviation of <a href="#redouble">redouble</a> used in <a href="#bidbox">bidding boxes</a> and the printed word.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>X-Imps</dt>
<dd>See <a href="#ximp">Cross-Imps</a></dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Y">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Y">Y</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="Yarborough">Yarborough</span></dt>
<dd>Originally, a hand with no card higher than a nine. The British <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson-Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Yarborough" title="Charles Anderson-Pelham, 2nd Earl of Yarborough">Earl of Yarborough</a>, during the 19th century, often bid 1,000 pounds to 1 against picking up such a hand at whist. (The actual odds against such a hand are approximately 1,827 to 1.) In common usage, the definition has come to include any exceptionally weak hand.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Z">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Z">Z</span></h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="zero"></span>Zero</dt>
<dd>The lowest score obtained on a deal in a pairs game. Also, <a href="#bottom">bottom</a>.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.bridgeworld.com/default.asp?d=bridge_glossary&amp;f=glossa.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Bridge World glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bridgeguys.com/glossbridgemain.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Bridge Guys glossary</a></li>
</ul>


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